Hist 1501 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture I. Secession A. States Rights?B. Margaret Garner C. Fort SumnerD. Middle and Upper SouthE. West VirginiaII.The Civil WarA. Northern v.s southern advantages B. Modern war: Total war III. The War A. Turning points: Gettysburg and Vicksburg B. Black confederates?IV. Slavery and the Civil WarA. Emancipation as a war strategy B. Paternalism undermined C. First Confiscation Act (August 1861)D. Second Confiscation Act (July 1862)E. Emancipation Proclamation (September 1862)Outline of Current Lecture V. Presidential reconstruction: Andrew JohnsonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Congressional (Radical) ReconstructionB. Freedmen’s BureauC. Civil Rights Act (1866)D. 14th Amendment (1868)E. 15th Amendment (1870)VI. The personal meanings of freedom for slavesA. Black political participationB. Land redistribution C. Labor: Share CroppingD. White Southerner ExperienceE. Of emancipation and reconstructionVII. The end of reconstruction A. “Redemption”B. Compromise of 1877Current Lecture• 50,000 southerners were killed in the war outside of the battle fields • Reconstruction was about bringing the confederate states back into the Union• There was questions on how to rebuild it, reform it, and re-integrate them because the north saw the south as committing treason-who should be heldaccountable • Questioned if rich elites should keep power, should the south have to indus-trialize, and what would happen with the 4 million freed slaves (have no ed-ucation and own nothing)• reconstruction was going to be a violent and bloody change, ending before it was done• The first steps of reconstruction started immediately with Andrew Johnson who was very different than Lincoln (Tennessee, ex-slave holding democrat,unionist)• Johnson hates southern elites and big plantation owners and was very le-nient to the former confederates• They wouldn't lose rights or property, high ranking and wealthier southern-ers had to come to him personally to ask for a pardon but other than that there was a blanket pardon• For states to come back into the union the states had to renounce seces-sion and get rid of slavery but was o major national effort to help and give rights to slaves • 13th amendment abolished slavery• More political power was given to the south now that ex-slaves counted as full people• South formed new governments that kept the same people in power-no re-organization in society• Congress came back into session in December 1885 and immediately put astop Johnson's plan because nothing had really changed and there was no punishments • Congressional Reconstruction was radical and caused the south to have to reform themselves before they could be readmitted into the Union• Freedmen’s Bureau would establish schools, give out food, and medicine to former slaves• Congress passed the civil rights act that gave former slaves full citizen right• Recognize it didn't go far enough because it could be changed so they passed the 14th amendment (african americans are full citizens, federal laws passes state laws and federal law triumphs, extends bill of rights to states level, anybody born on U.S soil is a citizen)• Congress also passes the 15th amendment which ensures all men have theright to vote in 1870• Violence began to break out in the south between whites and blacks so they use military occupation to oversee the process• More political reforms and requirements for them to be readmitted (need toaccept new amendments)• There was a lot of challenges the former slaves had and freedom came withdifferent meanings for each ex-slave• Tried to reunite with lost family members, renamed themselves, took on thelast name of their former owners, got an education • Freedmen’s Bureau brought in educators from the north to teach blacks which gave way to black teachers• There would be no change in the South until blacks could participate in pol-itics• The South had been built on white supremacy and many wanted to rebuild the white supremacy so federal government took steps to make sure blackscould become full political actors (vote, run for office, win offices, were mostly republicans)• Military in South was to make sure blacks weren't stopped from voting• Republicans were now a national party because of blacks in the south• Mississippi sent a black senator to Congress who replaced the seat of the former confederate president • These changes would not last by 1880s and 1890s• number one thing slaves wanted was landownership-biggest failure of re-construction and most former slaves did not end up obtaining a significant amount • Thaddeus Stevens proposed that land be taken away from former large plantation owners (~400 million acres) and redistribute it to freed people (40 acres each) so it could punish former slave owners and help former slaves-too radical and too un-American to take away land • Former slaves start working on plantations again (some stay with former owners)• South stayed an agricultural society but the relationship was different (ex-slaves asked what they got, however whites thought there would still be overseers and physical violence) • Sharecropping is when the workers would be assigned a portion of the land and grow the crops and then split the profits (around 50-50 but different wages)-liked this better than wage labor • Were often cheated by the owners of the plantations and had to use credit to buy tools from owner • Former slave owners were completely unprepared were completely unpre-pared for the new attitude they would receive from former slaves, couldn't see ex-slaves as equal and paternalism was over so it left them in shock • In their minds paternalism was real and showed their former slaves experi-ences • Reconstruction ended because northerners are tired of spending federal money on south that doesn't want to change, there was economic crisis, white democrats began very repressive measures when north focused on expanding west • “redemption” was when south destroyed republican power to restore white supremacy• In 1876 it wasn't clear if democrats or republicans got the most votes so there was the compromise of 1877 that said there could be a republican president if they ended