Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 8 Lecture 2 (January 22) European Background to the founding of the colonies Economics: •Europe was being kept from progressing and advancing to where Asians and Muslims were because they were bogged down with wars and such •Europeans felt surrounded and trapped by muslim empire •Muslims controlled trade route with Asia and the Europeans wanted to trade •wanted to trade for silk, gold, and gems •they were required to pay enemy muslim empires for trade access •There was a hostility between European Christians and Muslims •A desire for world trade fueled the Europeans !Cultural: •Renaissance sparks a new curiosity in Europe •They got offered new ideas that challenged old ideas through the discovery of new texts •Sparked intellectual curiosity to acquire knowledge widespread throughout county •Ancient Greek texts weren't a direct cause to push curiosity !Technologies: •New technologies made it possible to sail across the ocean •One new technology was the printing press •Gutenberg made a printing press with moveable keys !Econ 101 1!!•Could now mass produce writings which made books less rare •Allowed for a spread of knowledge including maps and maritime knowledge •Contributed to another want for people to explore and want to learn more •More people wanted to see or here more about the new places they read about •Other inventions: navigational tools, latitude tools, ship-sail technologies •Allowed navigators to leave sight of the coast line •European weapons also improved •Discoveries of the new world helped fuel exploration (medical, food, etc) !Political: •Political changes spurred exploration •Development and rise of strong nation states (Spain, England, France) •Stronger centralized governments-needed to retain power (strong armies, national wealth,less internal conflicts)-exploration strengthened this •Spain: Kingdoms merged together, State and Church were connected and fought to get muslims out (Reconquista- Christian takeover) •Reconquista was complete in 1492 •Spain was full of spirit of conquering and spreading of catholicism and spanish culture-out for gold, power, and spread of Christianity •Spain and Portugal took the lead •Portugal first starting conquering and enslaving islands •Native people started dying of European diseases which led them to needed new slaves (looked in Western Africa) •Christopher Columbus had a desire to spread Catholicism, get glory, gold, gems, silks, and recognition for Spain!•New found land is what gave Europeans power, profit, strength, more curiosity, more studies and technologies which led the to propel to dominance !England: •Wealth and land were concentrated in the elite in a hierarchy •Very patriarchal with a natural hierarchy with different levels •Order of hierarchy from top to bottom: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Gentry, and Common People •Monarchy, aristocracy, and gentry were 5% of the population and common people were 95% •The aristocrats had titles and were given legal privileges •The gentry were lesser aristocracy that were wealthy but didn't have titles or legal privileges •The common people varied greatly and depended on someone else •At the core of society was the idea of deference which is that you owe submission to your social superiors Lecture 3 (January 29) Founding of Virginia •Europeans saw Indians as lazy and uncivilized •Indians were primitive living among the animals with no technology and canabalism •Europeans represented culture in the way they dressed, their technology, and their christianity •Europeans couldn't understand that Europeans had their own complex religions because if it wasn't Christianity they were heathens and needed to be converted •Spain was able to quickly colonize because of disease and weapons •Columbus enslaved the Indians as soon as he arrived •The “Black Legend”- the spanish are brutes and were abusing the natives •started other European coming over to save the Indians!The Virginia Company: •England was relatively poor compared to Spain and couldn't afford to sponsor their own conquest •Worked with the Virginia Company to receive the right from the crown to establish a colony •Virginia was designed to make money for those who invested •The first success was at Jamestown in 1607 and they hoped to bring riches like Spain did •104 settlers arrived and 9 months later only 34 were left (sets a pattern for year after year) •In the winter of 1609 700 people had been shipped in total and going into the winter there were 220 people, and after the winter only 60 people were left •This became known as the Starving Time •There was about a 20% survival rate in Jamestown •Europeans were catching diseases, there was swampy land, and settlers wouldn't put in enough work •The people coming to Virginia were wealthy investors of the Virginia Company who wanted gold and glory without having to work, servants who were poor urban beggars with no opportunities in England (were not accustomed to working), and blacksmiths- no one could grow corn and didn't act like the Indians •The assumption was that the Indians would feed them since they learned this from the Spanish and Ireland •Indian tribes are united under one leader and grow enough to sustain themselves with only a little to give to the english- they had a resistance to help the English but the English saw it as them being lazy because they didn't grow surpluses to sell. They believed they had a backwards primitive economy •It was the English Christian duty to educate the Indians on the proper patterns of land ownership, economy, and religion •Indian maps showed the Indians trade and diplomatic powers with each other!Headright System: •In the 1610s and 1620s changes occurred in the way that land was parceled out and the Headright System was developed •Headright System: The Virginia Company would give ownership to settlers who came over- they would receive 50 acres of land and another 50 acres automatically and if they brought servants they would receive an extra 50 acres; this gave them an incentive to make a profit •Brought a need for a commodity to sell to Europe- tobacco •As Jamestown expanded the land was less swampy, became more healthy, and they could grow food. •In 1624 England realizes the Virginia Company had been sending people to