Hist 1501 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Jacksonian Democracy Cont.A. Whig PartyB. William Henry HarrisonC. Second Party System: Democrats v.s WhigsII. Second Great Awakening: The Democratization of American religionA. Charles FinneyIII. Reform movementsA. TemperanceB. “Maine Laws”C. PrisonsIV. UtopianismA. Shakers: Mother Ann LeeB. Oneida: John Humphrey NoyesC. Mormons: Joseph SmithD. Secular UtopiasOutline of Current Lecture V. 19th century immigration A. IrishB. German C. Nativism: American or “know-nothing” partyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VI. Antebellum SlaveryA. PaternalismB. Justifications: Scientific, biblical, historicalCurrent Lecture• The U.S had always been a society of immigrants but after the revolution there was relatively few and it was natural growth • There was an increase in immigration and a change in where they were from• Before it was from Britain and Scotland now it was from Ireland and Ger-many• About 3 million immigrants came-highest percentage in American History• Changed American culture and ethnic makeup-more catholics• Most immigrants were coming to stay (about 1/3 returned home)-1/12 irish• Cities were becoming increasingly diverse• There was a big wave of irish immigration after a famine when the potato crop began to fail• Last major famine, over a billion starved to death, 1.5 million immigrate to U.S• Irelands population still hasn't recovered today • Most irish immigrants ended up in the east coast cities and were relatively poor with no skills • Irish provided cheap labor for American industry-factories, building rail-roads, low wages • Most were stuck there because they didn't have the skills • Anti-irish stereotypes (inherited by British): drunks, brawlers, violent, reli-gious discrimination• American protestants were worried about influx of catholic immigration be-cause they'd be dangerous to the republic (catholics owe to pope not the republic)-religion didn't go with republican values (Pope undermines repub-lican values and plays into stereotypes)• American working class think low wage workers would stop them from get-ting better wages because they were willing to work for a lower cost-irish became a scapegoat • Many irish lived in urban slums • Very clear class and ethnic discriminations in elites • Another million or so germans came to the U.S-more diverse than the irish • Also a famine in Germany so there was some poor desperate immigrants • Other german immigrants were skilled artisans, revolutionary leaders, and intellects after a failed democratization revolution • Germans had enough funds to spread into the west-set up breweries • An anti-immigration organized movement popped up-nativism • Nativists wanted to make sure immigrants didn't get extreme political power, extended citizen requirements, and didn't let immigrants run for office• Believed immigrants would undermine democracy and republicanism • Temperance movements and Maine laws happened due to immigration cit-ing• The “know nothing party” became a major party (a.k.a American party)• Peaked in 1854, took over 3 states and sent 75 congressmen to Washington• This was an anti-immigrant party that was short lived• Immigration slowed down and undermined national, slavery became a na-tional issue• Was the first wave of nationalists and anti-immigrants • By 1840s, slavery was all but gone in the northern states• Because cotton was so popular, the South didn't want to industrialize and became more reliant on slaves making the old revolutionary notion of hit-ting rid of slavery unacceptable-believed slavery was a good thing • Believed slavery was good for slaves because the slaves liked their condi-tions• Jim Calhoun abandoned Jeffersons notion that slavery is a necessary evil but says the relationship between blacks and whites is good, proper, and natural• Fitzhugh says slavery is the natural position for blacks and is whats best forthem • Paternalism: central to how south justifies slavery-blacks are equivalent to children and need constant supervision from superior whites • Believed slavery was a condition where blacks thrived • Paternalist master would be kind and treat them like their own family • Fitzhugh said slaves were one of the freest people on earth because they were being provided and cared for • Paternalism helped create a new from of racism: blacks were mentally and morally inferior (Jefferson previously believed they were morally equal)• Scientifically they used the concept of phrenology to justify slavery (skull shape and size made whites superior)• Races were ranked through science• Biblical justifications where slavery was defended through the bible • Canaan and his descendants were to be slaves from Noah-Africans are de-scendants of Canaan• god embraced slavery and rewards good behavior and values with slaves• Historically there would have been no ancient Rome or Greece without slav-ery-slavery allowed them to be so advanced, build civilization, and free up talented people• Historically it was justified that all the great leaders of the U.S were slave holders and they couldn't have been great leaders without slaves if they were forced to stay and work on their plantations• Many slave holders internalized paternalism and truly believed it• When slaves ran away slave owners were upset because they believed the slaves were happy and their family/property was running away• Slaves played along with paternalism (didn’t really believe it) to make their conditions better • There was a broad array of how slave owners treated their