PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. Personality: the Uniqueness of the Individual part 2Outline of Current Lecture II. Psychological Disorderso Definition of Abnormal psychology o History of mental disorders o Defining psychology disorders  Definition of Criticism o Anxiety Disorders  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Panic disorder 1. Definition of panic disorder  Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Nature and Nurture Explanations of Anxiety Disorders  Depression and Its Causes  Bipolar Disorder and Its Causes o Schizophrenia  Major Symptoms of schizophrenia  Nature and Nurture Explanations of Schizophrenia o Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Causes of Dissociative Disorders Current Lecture Psychological Disorders o Abnormal Psychology- scientific study of mental disorders and their treatmento History of mental disorders  Historical treatments focused on releasing demonic possession - Trephining- Exorcisms o Defining Psychology Disorders  Different should not be mistaken for disordered These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Three criteria for discerning behavior as disordered:- Deviant (atypical) - Distressing - Dysfunctional (maladaptive) Culture also influences how disorders are expressed and diagnosed  Lifespan organization  Additional disorder chapters Criticism:- More things classified as disordered - “fad” disorders - Limitations of classification o Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)- Characterized by a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months o “worrywarts”o More common in women than in meno May be totally debilitating  Panic Disorder - Panic attacks o Episodes of extreme anxiety  Perceptions of threat  Fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment or specific objects o Agoraphobia  Intense fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult  Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)- Pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others - Marked by severe self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both Specific Phobias - Characterized by intense fear of particular objects of situations o Marked by an intense and immediate fear, even panic, when confronted with very particular situations or objects o Are you terrified of any particular thing? Snakes, spiders, blood, heights, water, dogs, or planes, for example? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)- Triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threato Re-experiencing the trauma o Avoiding thoughts, feelings, and activities associated with trauma o Increased arousal, irritability, difficulty sleeping, or exaggerated startle response Often seen in combat veterans Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Obsession o Unwanted thought, word, phase, or image that persistentlyand repeatedly comes into a person’s mind and causes distress - Compulsion o Repetitive behavior preformed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules- Impulsive-control disorder o Related to OCD in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors  Gambling  Hair pulling  Shopping  Fire setting  Nature and Nurture Explanations of anxiety Disorders - Disathesis-stress model o Combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment - Three biological contributors o Deficiencies in GABAo Genetic heritage o Personality factors  Depression and in causes- Major depressive disordero Increase risk of attempting/committing suicide Low mood  Lack of motivation  Feelings of worthlessness  Guilt  Lasting 2+ weeks - Persistent depressive disorder o Form of depression that is milder than major depressive disorder but lasts longer- Combination of brain chemistry and life circumstance o Diathesis-stress model Serotonin gene Stressful events - Abusive environments - Adverse childhood experiences Bipolar Disorder and its causes - Characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, a cycling betweenvery low and very high moods o Manic and depressive episodes - Fetal exposure to alcohol - Genetic component o Twins studies indicate a 40-70% concordance rate- Brain abnormalities - Neurochemistry o Low serotonin coupled with high norepinephrine - Stress and traumao Schizophrenia  Psychotic disorders - Disorders of thought and perception, characterized by the inabilityto distinguished between real and imagined perceptions  Schizophrenia - Characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations  Major Symptoms of schizophrenia - Positive o Hallucinations o Delusional thinking o Disordering thought and speech o Poorly integrated perception - Negative o Non-responsivenesso Emotional flatness o Immobility of catatonia o Reduction of speaking o Inability to complete tasks- More difficult to diagnose than positive symptoms - Cognitive o Problems with working memory o Attention o Verbal and visual learning memoryo Reasoning and problem solving o Disordered speech Word salad  Making up new words  Nature and Nurture Explanations of schizophrenia - There appears to be a strong heritable component – 80 to 85%- Abuse and neglect during childhood is associated with greater riskof diagnosis later in life o Can lead to changes in brain development - Maternal infections and schizophrenia o Influenza o Rubella o Toxoplasmosiso Herpes - Schizophrenia and the braino Abnormal brain development before birth o Dysfunctional prefrontal cortexo Difficulties in communication between neurons - Neurochemistry of schizophrenia o Dopamine hypothesis Glutamate deficiencies  Crucial in - Learning - Memory - Neural processing - Brain development - Amplifies certain neural signals o Dissociative disorders  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)- Dissociative disorders occur when there are splits or gaps in memory, consciousness, or identity - Dissociative Identity Disorder o Development of at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotionso Formerly