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NAU PSY 101 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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PSY 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 10Lecture 7 – 10 (February 5th, 10th, and 12th) What happened to Phineas Gage and what do we learn from him? What do we need to know about the brain? What are neurons and how do they work? What are the neurotransmitters? What is the peripheral nervous system? What is Phrenology? What is brain imaging and how do we use it? What is Body Maps? What is Phantom Limb, Hemi-neglect and Split brain?Phineas Gage:-Gage was a railroad foreman who had a taming iron shoot through his school. Gage walked away from the accident seemingly intact. However he did change he started to use profanity more often, became more irresponsible, lying more, and was unable to plan for his future. We learned that part of a person’s brain can still function but they still might not be the same as they use to be.Brain Knowledge: - Average weight of the brain is 3 lbs. Each brain has about 100 billion neurons each linked to as many as 10,000 others. The brain burns only pure glucose - The brain is encased in the skull and 3 membranes called the Dura, Arachnoid, and the Pia.The brain is also encased in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CFS). Without the CFS the brain would collapse and is used as a buffer and cleaner.- The Hindbrain is the oldest part of the brain and if damaged is almost certainly life threatening. Includes the medulla, which is responsible for basic bodily functions, the pons, which relay station, attention and sleep respiration, and the cerebellum, which deals with balance, motor control, and perhaps much more.- The Mid Brain is involved fully in mammals and damage may be life threating. Deals with the reflexive actions and voluntary movement. The thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala are all a part of the midbrain.- The Forebrain includes the cerebrum, which is a large mass of cortex in two hemispheres, the cerebral cortex and the corpus callosum. The cortex is made up of 4 lobes. The Frontal lobe which is executive functioning for problem solving and reasoning. The temporal lobe which is involved in memory, language processing, and smell. The parietallobe which deals with sensations perception, and integration. And the occipital lobe dealing with visual processing.Neurons:- The nervous system is made up of neurons and glial cells which are receive and send massager from external sources and other neurons. There are two type of neuralcommunications the Afferent which is sensory and the Efferent which is motor. The neurons communicate through synapse which is a tiny gap between neurons. Communication from neuron to neuron is chemical.Neurotransmitters: - Chemicals involved in transmission between cells. These neurotransmitters include Acetyloline which controls muscle contractions, Dopamine which is involved in voluntarymovement, learning, and memory, and Serotonin which is involved in emotional arousal and sleep, and Endorphins which are the body’s natural pain relievers. Peripheral Nervous System:- Somatico Connects with sensory receptors and skeletal muscles and conscious movement.- Autonomico Sympathetic which is Fight or flight response and Parasympathetic rest and digest.Phrenology:- Started by Fraz Joseph Gall attempted to describe personality traits by studying bumps inthe head.Brain imaging:- Electroencephalograph (EEG)o Detects electrical activity o Certain waves are associated with relaxation, sleep, mental “events” - Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)o Uses x-ray to create a 3D image of the brain o Can reveal structural abnormalities - Positron Emission Tomography (PET)o A harmless (?) radioactivity component called a tracer is mixed with glucose and injected into the blood o Activity in the brain uses glucoses, so active brain areas are revealed by measurement of positions - Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) o Uses a magnetic fields and radio waves to monitor subtle shifts in blood flow o Increased blood to an area is indicated of greater activity Body Maps:- Primary Motor are devoted to muscle control and sends messages to muscles groups for action - Primary Somatosensory are devoted to sensation and receives messages from all over the body (warmth, cold, touch, pain, proprioception) Phantom Limb:- Pain in an amputated limbo Often a clenching or gripping sensation - Cortical remapping o The affected areas are subsumed by neighbors o Brian can be tricked by visual feedbackHemi- neglect:- Damage to right parietal lobe. Usually from stoke near parietal/ temporal junction. In this situation neglects contralateral space/body.Split brain:- Corpus callosum served to treat epilepsy. Hemisphere can no longer “talk”. The person can function normally.Lecture 10 (February 18) What is sensation? What is perception? What are the sensory threshold? What is the visual system? What is color vision? What is Bottom up processing and top down processing?Sensation:- The row information collected via the 5 plus senses and sent to the central nervous system. Sensations are automatic.Perception:- The active process of interpreting and organization sensations.The visual system:- Vision is humanities dominant sense. The hardware of the eye focuses light beams so that they can be converted to a usable format by photoreceptors in the retina. The photoreceptors are the cons which are responsible for color vision and the rods which are sensitive to light intensity but not color.Color Vision:- Light colors mix in an additive fusion.- Young-Helmholtz Trichromacy theory in that since every color can be produced by combining only 3 primary colors, 3 capable of producing full color perception. - Opponent-Process theory is three competing color pairs.- Thichromial is normal color vision - Monochromals is no color vision- Dichromats is partially color blind who either have anomalus photoreceptors or are missing a cone type.Bottom up Procession: - The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the overall pattern they compose.Top down Processing:- The use of contextual information or knowledge of pattern in order to organize parts of


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