PSY 101 1st EditionExam # 5 Study Guide Lectures: 21 - 25Lecture 21 and 22 (April 16th and 21st)What is personality and what is trait? What is Freud’s ice berg model personality? What is the psychoanalytic theories? What is the humanistic positive psychology theories? What is the socialcognitive learning theories? What is trait theories? Personality:- Personality is what distinguishes us from one another and makes us unique. Trait:- Traits are the distinguishing quality or characteristics, typically one belonging to a personFreud’s ice berg model of personality:- Freud came up with a model to explain our behavior. The Id is the unconscious mental structure; represents biological drives. The Ego is the rational self; attempts to gratify theId socially appropriate ways. The Superego is the ideal self-seat of moral standards and values.Psychoanalytic theories: - Defense mechanisms is the unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way .We use Repression, Reaction Formation, Regression, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement, and Denial as defense mechanisms.- There are five stages of psychosexual development. 1. The oral stage which is the first year of life and sexual gratification through the mouth. 2. Anal stage which is year 2 and pleasure derived through control of bowls. 3. Phallic stage which is ear 3 and develop a sexual attachment to the parent of opposite sex this is the first masturbation. 4. The Latency stage which is year 5/6 which is the repression of sexual impulses. 5. The Genitalstage which is during puberty-initiation of intercourse Humanistic-Positive psychology theories:- The optimistic about human nature. Create by Abraham Maslow Social-cognitive learning theories:- Bandura’s self-system, Rotter’s locus of control. These applies principles of learning, cognition and social behavior to understand personality Trait theories:- Gordon Allport determined 4,000 words from an English dictionary that described personality. Most people could be described by about to central personality traits- Eysenck’s 3 factor theory is extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism Lecture 23 and 24 (April 23rd and 28th)What is psychological disorders?- Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of mental disorders and their treatments- The definition of psychology disorders is different should not be mistaken for disordered there are three criteria for discerning behavior as disordered which is deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional. Our culture also influences how disorders are expressed and diagnosed - Anxiety disorders consist of generalized anxiety disorders which is characterized by a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least 6 months. Panic disorders which consist of panic attacks. Social phobia and specific phobias are also apart of anxiety disorders. Post-Traumatic Stress disorder which is triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat. This is mainly scene inpeople who have served in the military or people who as suffered through sever trauma.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, obsession is unwanted thought, word, phase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person’s mind and causes distress whereasCompulsion is repetitive behavior preformed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules, and finally impulsive-control disorder is related to OCD in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors. Anxiety disorders also include depression.- Schizophrenia is characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations. Schizophrenia has both positive and negative symptoms. The positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusional thinking, disordering thoughts and speech, and poorly integrated perception. The negative symptoms are non-responsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility of catatonia, reduction of speaking, and inability to compete tasks - Dissociative disorders occur when there are splits or gaps in memory, consciousness, or identity. Dissociative identity disorder development of at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions also known as multiple personality disorder.- Somatoform Disorder are marked by physical or bodily that mimic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis. Somatization disorder is multiple physical ailments affecting several different body parts systems. Hypochondriasis is a pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness although none is found by a medical professional - There are many forms of personality disorders. People with Schizoid personality disorderwants a solitary life, disinterested in close, social relationships, emotionally aloof, reclusive, and humorless, people with Schrizotypical personality disorder are usually isolated and asocial, have very odd thoughts and beliefs, might think that stories in the newspaper or on the news are written directly about them. People with Paranoid personality disorder are extremely suspicious and mistrust of other peoples in ways that are both unwanted and nor adaptive, they test the loyalty of their friends and lovers andthey also hold grudges for a long time. People with Historic personality disorder want to be the center of attention, they are dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, exaggerated behavior and they are emotional. Other personality disorders include borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.Lecture 24 and 25 (April 28th and 30th)What are the three main approaches to treating psychological disorders and what do these treatments include.Three main approaches:- Biological treatments including drug therapy, psychosurgery and electric and magnetic therapies o Drugs can be used to treat, though not always cure, a wide variety of psychological disorders. Some of these include Monoamine oxides inhibitors (MAO), Tricyclic antidepressants, and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)o Psychosurgery include prefrontal lobotomy which is where connections were severed between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain o Electric and magnetic therapies include electroconvulsive