PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Research Methods and StatisticsOutline of Current Lecture II. Research Methods and Statistics continueIII. What are we talking about a. Definition of Statistics b. Definition of Descriptive stats c. Definition of mean d. Definition of mediane. Definition of modef. Definition of outlierIV. Critical thinkinga. Definition of probability V. Correlation a. Definition of correlation VI. The correlation coefficient VII. A few problems with correlationa. Definition of third variableCurrent Lecture Research Methods and Statistics continueso Correlation does not imply causationo The Average is not the whole storyo What are we talking about? Statistics: is the science concerned with obtaining, organizing, and interpreting numerical information or measurement. Descriptive Stats: provide information about the distribution of scores in our data set.- Ex: Average Measurements of central tendency- Mean: the mathematical averageo Mean causes a bell curve on a grapho Best way to describe dataThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o To find the mean add up all values in the data set than divide by the amount of data- Median: the center scoreo Set the data numbers in numerical order and the number in the middle is you median- Mode: the most frequent scoreo When looking at the data set the number that is seen mostthe time is the mode- In a perfect world the mean and the median would be the same number.- Outlier: a score in a data set that is far above or below the others.o Critical thinking You are more likely to be in a train accident than you are to be held up at gunpoint.- This statement depends on where you live, when the data was lastupdated, and how big the probabilities were in the beginning  Probability: is the measurement of how likely an event is.- P(event)= Number of ways event can occur/ total number of possible outcomeso Harder to find and event over a problem with numbers r colors Some things to consider….- Sample: everyone, or just people who ride trains? - Incidents vs. number affected: for every train accident, lots of people are affected- Missing data: a train accident rarely goes unnoticed and being held at gun point sometimes dose.o Correlation Smoking and lung cancer are correlated Social media is correlated with financial success Listening to Indie music is correlated with low motivation, whereas listening to dance music is correlated with extraversion So what does it mean for two things to be correlated??? Correlation: is the measure of the degree and direction of the relationshipbetween two variables. Correlation is a mean of predicting behavior (Not Explaining It) Correlation does equal causation o The correlation coefficient (r) A correlation may be positive (+) or negative (-). The sign indicates the jdirection of the relationship.- Positive: as one variable increases, so does the other, and vice versa.- Negative: as one variable increases, the other decrease, and vice versa. The number (0.0 -1.0) indicates the strength of the relationship.- Correlation close to 1(or -1) are strong.- Those closer to zero are weako A few problems with correlation To reiterate, correlation does not imply causation. The third variable problem: An undermined variable could be producing the