PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. What is PsychologyOutline of Current Lecture II. What do psychologists do?A. Definition of Clinical PsychologistsB. Definition of Counseling PsychologistsC. Definition of Cognitive Psychologists D. Definition of Social Psychologists III. History of Psychology a. Structuralism i. Definition of introspectionb.Functionalismc.Behaviorismd.Gestalt Psychology e.Psychoanalysis Current Lecture What do Psychologist do?o Myth #3 Psychologists are all focused on treating mental illness.  There are many different fields within psychology (with more appearing almost daily), each focused on different types of research questions.  Half of Psychologists treat mental illness Other half dedicate themselves to research. This Myth is not true - Clinical Psychologistso 47.2% of psychologist o Focus on research in severe psychological disorders o Application of research to therapyo Practice on the severely mentally ill - Counseling Psychologistso 7.9% of psychologistso Focus on less severe mental illness - Cognitive Psychologistso 4.3% of psychologists o They focus on purely on research These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Study the “Stuff of thought “ such as memory, learning andperception - Social Psychologistso 5. 7% of psychologistso Focus on research in social influences on behavior.o They study how dose society and social situations influence or change people’s behaviors- Other Psychologists o Industrial/ Organizational  3.6% of psychologists  They make the most money o Experimental and Biopsychology 6.6% of psychologistso Educational  8.6% of psychologists  The ones you see in schoolso Developmental History of Psychology o Myth #4 Psychology is not a “hard” science.  Although the scientific study of behavior is relatively new, the questions that psychologists study have been considered for centuries. This myth is true. A hard science can measure what they are studying. Psychology is considered is a soft science. o 1879: The Birth date of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first the first laboratory devoted to psychology at the University of Leipzig. Wundt founded a school of thought known as structuralism - Structuralists believe psychological experience is composed of sensations, feelings, and images.- The most useful tool for understanding experiences is introspectiono Introspection is the examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions.o Functionalism: a response to Wundt’s structuralism, founded by William James  Functionalism did not believe that the experience could be reduce a set of sensation and feelings.- Derived their focus from Darwin: Experience helps us function adaptively within our environment.- Believe that certain behaviors should not get to be passed on through generationso Maladaptive behaviors die out and behaviors that increase fitness are sustained.o Behaviorism: The problem with introspection is that the underlying process are not directly observable, measurable events. Founded by John Watson in response to Functionalism. Believe introspection is not a good way to study the mind  Still foundational - Limit research only to public behaviors. Do not consider mental processes.- Most valuable contribution was their theory of learning - Most famous behaviorist was B.F. Skinnero Gestalt psychology: Reconsidered the value of subjective perceptions. Gestalt = organized whole Responded both to structuralism and behaviorism- Cannot reduce perception to basic units: the whole is more than the sum of its parts- Cannot understand human nature by observing only behavior- Learning can arise spontaneouslyo Psychoanalysis: The personality theory and therapy developed by Sigmund Freud. Developed independently of many of the other schools of thought. Was likely a response to the Victorian era. - Most of the mind is unconscious, and we are constantly struggling impulses in check.- Freud theory addressed many phenomena, including humor and dreaming.o The cognitive revolution of the 1960’s Thanks in large part to the writing of Linguist Noam Chomsky, psychology moved away from behaviorism, recognizing that conscious thought is an important element of behavior.  Noam Chomsky was a grad student at the time however he has now become a political scientist.o Statistical examination of behavior: as with the “physical” sciences, psychological phenomena can be quantified.  Quantitative data is important Sir Francis Galton created the concept of correlation and introduced the use of questionnaires for collecting data on humans. He is also responsible for the discovery of an effect called “the wisdom of crowds” - The collective guess is more accurate than 1 persons guess and can be more accurate than experts in a