PSY 101 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 15Lecture 11 - 13 (February 24th – March 3rd)What are the different types of memory and what is involved with the different types of memory? Who is Kim peek What did Bartlett do? Memory:- Explicit is declarative memory o Info available for conscious recollection and 2 sub-types: episodic which is “I remember” memories; autobiographical, personal events; memory formed after a single-experience when and where are important and semantic which is “I know” memory; general world knowledge- Episodic :  Flash Bulb memory : unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events; as time goes by, our confidence increases, accuracy decreases- Semantic:  1. Conceptual – what is a dog? 2. Functional – what are pencils for? 3. Factual – how many states are there? 4. Language - words, meaning, syntax may require repeated experiences; time, place, emotion not necessarily included - Implicit: memories; non-declarative, or “procedural knowing how”o Priming: a special instance of implicit memory - The (more or less) automatic activation of associations in memory that appear as a result of repetition /unconscious cues- “auto-pilot”, alphabet, national anthem, favorite song, dialing a phone numbero Retrospective memory: recalling of info prev. learned - Episodic, semantic, implicit o Prospective memory: remembering to do things in the future- Habitual: pack a lunch before work- Even-based: take medicine after dinner - Time-based: watch hockey game at 1:30- Sensory memoryo Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time usually only a fraction of a second.o 2 types of sensory memories. Ionic which is visual memory and echoic which is auditory memory.o Sensory memory allows us to decide if brief sensory input is important enough topay attention to- Short term memory o Limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to 20 seconds o People can generally remember only about 7 items of unfamiliar materialo Chuncking can increase your short term memory. Chuncking is a group of - Long Term Memory o Long term memory is an unlimited capacity stored that can hold information overlengthy periods of time. Forgetting may occur because people simply cannot from LTM. Memories endure when information is processed more deeply familiarstimuli stored as a single unit - The Stoop Effect (reading colors)o Automatic vs. controlled processing- Automatic (or overlearned) processes require no attention; can be carried out in parallel with other processes- Controlled processes require attention; are carried out serially Memory processes:- Encoding: involves forming a memory code o Visual, acoustic, and semantic codes o Storage: involves maintaining encoded info in memory over time o Retrieval: involves recovering info form memory stores Kim Peek:o Remain character was based on Calendar calculations and Daniel Tammet (memory arose from seizure at age 3) Bartlett: - In 1932 had participants read a strange Native American story then 15 minutes later, they were asked to recall it. Bartlett observed that participants would omit information that didn’t make sense. They re-shaped the story to fit the structure of British fairy tales.Which means our memory is reconstruction. Lecture 13-15 (March 3rd – 10th) How do you function in a complex world? What is a concept? What is a prototype? What isexemplar? What did Galton do? How do we solve problems? What is an algorithm? What are Compensatory Strategies? What did Tversky do? What is the Representativeness Heuristic? What is the Availability Heuristic? What is language and how do we use it?How to function in a complex world:- Step 1: “Chunk” environmental information to make it more easily organized and remembered. By dividing the world into classes of things, we decreased the amount of information we need to learn, perceive, remember, and recognize.- Step 2: Develop “rules of thumb” that can be used to solve many similar problems and guide decision-making – heuristics.- Step 3: Learn to communicate effectivelyConcept:- A mental category for elements of our environment that shape properties. We use the concepts to make generalizations. Prototypes:- The best example or the average/central tendency of a category. Prototypes serve as cognitive reference points. Also Categories are based on prototypes learned quickly.Exemplar:- A specific example of category member Galton:- In 1880 Galton discovered a weird phenomenon while playing with photographic composites. Galton’s true interest was forensics. He meshed photos together of a certaintype of person to create a type.How to solve problem:- We solve lots problems everyday; most require little effort. A problem may be defined asa mismatch of initial state and a goal state. In this approach. Most problems can eventually be solved by “brute force.” For some problems faster solutions occur with new representations of these states - Thorndike thought that problem solving consisted largely of trial and error. By a bottom-up view, there are 2 main ways to solve problems.o Random strategies which is Trial-and Error sequence is maintained until answer isfound. In an unsystematic random search, no logical order of attempts is used,and no record is kept of prior attempts. In a systematic random search, we are more orderly and keep track.o Heuristic search of strategies. Rule of thumb used to reduce problem space to a reasonable size. Heuristics do not guarantee a solution, but if they find one, it will be fast.Algorithms:- Algorithms try all possible options in a problem space until the answer is found. On average, time to solution increases steadily with size of the problem space.Compensatory Strategies:- List all options and their attributes. Most options have both positive & negative attributes. In a compensatory strategy, the positive qualities must compensate for negative qualities. You determine the balance of all attributesTversky;- In 1972 Tversky figured that we probably don’t use this strategy often…Too much effort. We are more likely to use non-compensatory strategies, treating different attributes in a more absolute manner. Tversky believed an elimination by aspects strategy is more common: You consider attributes one by one. If an attribute fails to meet some minimum criterion, the option is dropped.The Representativeness Heuristic:- Both birth sequences are equally likely.