PSY 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 and 2 (January 13 and 15)What is Psychology? Busting common myths What is the definition of Psychology? What are the different types of fields of psychology and what do they do? Psychology:-The science that studies behavior and mental processes.Fields of Psychology:- Clinical psychologist make up 47.2% of psychologist.o They focus on research in the severe psychological disorders and apply that research in therapy. They treat the mentally ill. - Counseling psychologist make up 7.9% of psychologist.o The help treat the less severe mentally ill.- Cognitive psychologist make up 4.3% of psychologist.o Focus on research in “the stuff of thought” like memory precipitation and thought. These psychologist are purely researchers.- Social psychologist make up 5.7% of psychologist.o They focus on researching the social influences on behavior.There are many different fields of psychology and every one of them focuses on something different.Who is Wilhelm Wundt? What did he found and what do they believe in? What is Functionalism and who founded it and what do they believe in? What is Behaviorism and who founded it and what do they believe in? What is Gestalt psychology? What is Psychoanalysis and who founded it and what do they believe in? What is the cognitive revolution of the 1960?Wilhelm Wundt:- Wundt established the first laboratory devoted to psychology. He also founded the school of thought that is known as Structuralism. o Structuralism believe psychological experience is composed of sensations feelings and images. They also used a tool called introspection which examines ones thoughts and emotions.Functionalism:- Don’t believe that experiences could be reduced to a set of sensations and feelings. This was founded by William James. They believed that certain behaviors should not be passed on through generations. They hoped that maladaptive behaviors would die out and behaviors that increased fitness are sustained.Behaviorism:- Psychology must focus on observable, measurable events. Founded by John Watson. Behaviorism believed that introspection was not a good way to study the mind, they limited the research to public behaviors. They don’t consider the mental processes. The most important thing that the contributed to psychology is the Theory of Learning.Gestalt psychology: - Reconsidered the value of the subjective perceptions. Believed that the whole is more important than the sum of its parts. Gestalt means original whole. They also believed that you cannot understand human nature by only studying behavior.Psychoanalysis:- The personality theory and therapy development by Sigmund Freud. Developed independently of many of the other schools of thought. Most of the mind is unconscious, and we are constantly struggling to keep our immoral unconscious impulses in check. The cognitive revolution of the 1960’s:- Thanks in large part of to the writing of linguist Noam Chomsky, psychology moved awayfrom behaviorism, recognizing that the conscious thought is important element of behavior.Other important information:- Statistical examination of behavior: as with the “physical” sciences psychological phenomena can be quantified (data is important). Sir Francis Galton created the statistical concept of correlation and introduced the use of questionnaires for collecting data on humans. He is also responsible for the discovery of an effect called “wisdom of crowds” o Although crowed behavior is often associated with irrationality, not all crowd behavior is negative. The collective guess is more accurate than one experts opinion.Lecture 3-5 (January 20- 27) What are the research methods? What is sampling and what is it used for? What are the methods of observation? What is the gold standard? What are statistics and how do we obtain them or calculate them? What is the case of Clever Hans? What is the Placebo effect?Research Methods:- First you have to formulate a question and create a hypothesis. Then you must test your idea. Then evaluate your findings and come to a conclusion. Finally you must construct atheory that explains your findings.Sampling: - Sample is a subset of the population. The population is the complete group that is the sample is taken from. Two major types of sampling Random sampling, which every member of a population has an equal chance of the participation, and stratified sampling, when known sub-group of the population are represented proportionately. Methods of observation:- Case study is a carefully detailed through examination of one person or group of people - Surveys are a method in which large groups of people answer questions answer questions about their attitudes or behaviors.- Naturalistic observation is a method in which a person or animal is observed in their natural environment The golden standard:- Experiment: A controlled situation in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect in another variable while holding all other conditions constant.- Variable: any observation and/ or measurable aspect of the real world - Independent variable: the variable that the researcher manipulates.- Dependent variable : the variable that is subsequently affected by manipulation of the independent variableStatistics:- Statistics are the science concerned with obtaining, organizing, and interpreting numerical information or measurement. Descriptive stats are provided information about the distribution of scores in our data set. How we obtain this type of informationis by using mean median or mode. Probability is a measurement of how likely an event is. - Correlation is also a big part of statistics. Just because things are correlated does that mean that there is reason for causation. The third variable problem is an undetermined variable could be producing the correlation.- Inferential statistics are a branch of statistics concerned with the confidence with conclusions about a sample can be generalized to the population. - Variability: the higher variability means higher standard deviation.The case of Clever Hans:- Clever Hans was a horse that was supposedly taught to count by his owner Von Osten. However when the horse was tested on his knowledge. However the test concluded thatthe horse could not count but recognize his owner’s body language.The Placebo effect: - People often recover from health problem because they expect to get better. Lecture 6 (January 29)What