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NAU PSY 101 - Sensation and Perception
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PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Biological and Psychology and NeuroscienceOutline of Current Lecture  Sensation and Perception - Definition of Sensation - Definition of Perception  Sensory Theories -Definition of Absolute Threshold -Definition of Difference Threshold  The Visual System - Definition of cones - Definition of rods  Color Vision - Definition of Young – Helmholtz Trichromacy theory - Definition of Opponent- Process theory  What’s the deal with freaks - Definition of trichromats - Definition of monochromats- Definition of dichromats  Now that we have visual sensation whipped how about the perception part - Definition of Bottom – up processing - Definition of Top – down processing  Bottom – up story  Feature detectors  Blakemore and Cooper (1970) Gestalt Principles - Definition of closure - Definintion o figure Ground relationships - Definition of similarity  Decomposing the Rope trip- Definition of perception set- Definition of perceptual baggage Brief Interlude: AttentionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Depth perception:- Definition of Monocular depth cues- Definitions of binocular depth cues- Definition of Retinal Disparity Current Lecture Sensation and Perception - Sensation: the raw information collected via the 5 plus senses and sent to the central nervous system- Perception: the active process of interpreting and organizing sensations Sensory Theories -Absolute Threshold oThe smallest amount of energy which can be sensed-Difference Threshold oThe smallest change in magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected  The Visual System - Visions is humanity’s dominant sense- What type of energy is being sensed by our visual organ- The hardware of the eye focuses light beams so that they can be covered to a usable format by photoreceptors in the retina- Photoreceptors o Cons: Responsible for color visiono Rods: Sensitive to light intensity but not color  Color Vision - Light colors mix in addictive fusion (unlike paint colors)o Pigments in paint absorb certain color subtracting them from the refection light. - Young – Helmholtz Trichromacy theoryo Since every color can be provided by combining only 3 primary colors, 3 capable of producing full color perception - Definition of Opponent- Process theory o Three competing color pairs 1. Red-green 2. Blue-yellow3. Black-white What’s the deal with freaks - People who are “color blind” aren’t really color blind.o They just have a dampened of color o Most people are trichromats ( are normal color vision)o Monochromats: No color vision.o Dichromats: partially color blind1. Two varieties:a. Anomalous photo pigmentb. Missing cone type  Now that we have visual sensation whipped how about the perception part - Bottom – up processing o The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize or form an image of the overall pattern they compose.- Top – down processing o The use of the contextual information or knowledge of pattern in order toorganized parts of patterns  Bottom – up story - Classic feature detector theories of perception o Objects are initially seen as sets of basic features (lines, colors, etc)o Perception works by combining features into coherent objects - In theory, all objects can be broken down into sets of basic features o Ex. alphabet  Feature detectors - Hubel and Wiesel (1957)o Feature detectors in cats o Electrodes used to record from individual neurons  Blakemore and Cooper (1970)- Apparently early in puts its necessary for feature detectors to develop - Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines were later blind to them  Gestalt Principles - The whole is more than the sum of its parts - What rules are used to constrain incoming sensory information?o Closure: we perceive broken figures as complete o Figure Ground relationships : we use depth to different between visual elements o Similarity: we group objects that are similar in appearances  Decomposing the Rope trip- Perceptual set: a mental predisposition based on accumulated experiences, assumptions and expectations - Perceptual baggage: leads to in accurate assumptions - Gestalt grouping: good continuation - Misdirection  Brief Interlude: Attention- Our senses take in about 11,000,000 bits of info p/sec. of which we process about 40o Most of the time, our attention is guided by expectations and contexto Given strict constraints on our attention we apt to miss rather obvious stimuli in our environment: in attentional blindness  Depth Perception: - Monocular depth cues: can be perceived with 1 eye - Binocular depth cues: Cues require 2 eyeso Retinal Disparity: the image that hits each eye is slightly different. The brain interprets this difference to perceive


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