PSY 101 4th Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Biological and Psychology and NeuroscienceOutline of Current Lecture II. Biological and Psychology and Neuroscience continues a. Neurotransmitters i. Definition of Acetylcholine ii. Definition of Dopamine iii. Definition of serotoniniv. Definition of Endorphins b. Central Nervous System c. Peripheral Nervous Systemd. Reflexes e. Canadian eh?f. Phrenology i. Definition of Phrenologyg. Brain imagingh. The hind brain i. Definition of Medulla ii. Definition of Pons iii. Definition of Cerebellumi. The Midbraini. Definition of midbrainii. Definition of thalamus iii. Definition of hypothalamus iv. Definition of hippocampus v. Definition of Amygdalaj. The Forebraini. Forebrain1. Definition of cerebrum 2. Definition of cerebral cortex 3. Corpus callosum ii. Cortex lobes1. Definition of frontal2. Definition of Temporal3. Definition of ParietalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Definition of Occipital Current Lecture Neurotransmitter o Acetylcholine (ACh) controls muscles contractions - Curare prevents ACh binding o Dopamine is involved in “pleasure centers”, voluntary movement, earning and memory.  Implicated in Parkinson’s (too little) and schizophrenia (too much)o Serotonin is involved in emotional arousal and sleep SSRI’s for depression o Endorphins are the body’s natural pain relievers Similar to opiates  Central Nervous System o Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System o Somatic  Connects with sensory receptors and skeletal muscles  Conscious movement o Autonomic  “Automatic”  Sympathetic - Fight or flight  Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest  Reflexes o Spinal reflexes can take place without the brain  May involve as few as 2 neurons  Knee jerk reflexo Outside of conscious controlo Eye-movement in vegetative states  Canadians Eh?o Converse sensations can take place without the bodyo Wilder Penfield electrically stimulated areas of the brain during surgery  Some areas caused sensations Some caused motor movements  Yet other elicited memories Phrenologyo Started by Franz Joseph Gall phrenology attempted to describe personality traits by studying bumps on the heado The cranial bone accommodate different regions of the brain by level of importanceo Gave rise to the idea of cerebral localization that different regions of the brain are responsible for different functions.  Brain imaging o Electroencephalograph (EEG) Detects electrical activity  Certain waves are associated with relaxation, sleep, mental “events” o Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Uses x-ray to create a 3D image of the brain  Can reveal structural abnormalities o Positron Emission Tomography (PET) A harmless (?) radioactivity component called a tracer is mixed with glucose and injected into the blood  Activity in the brain uses glucoses, so active brain areas are revealed by measurement of positions o Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)  Uses a magnetic fields and radio waves to monitor subtle shifts in blood flow  Increased blood to an area is indicated of greater activity  The Hindbrain o “Reptilian” brain, brain stem  Oldest part of the brain  Damage is almost certainly life threating o Medulla  Responsible for basic bodily functions o Pons  Relay station, attention sleep respiration o Cerebellum  Balance, motor control and perhaps much more  The Midbrain o The midbrain Evolved fully in mammals  Damaged maybe life threatening  Reflexive actions and voluntary movement o Thalamus  Major relay for info from the spinal cord to cortex o Hypothalamus Regulates bodily functions emotions, hunger, thirsts.o Hippocampus  Involved in memory formation, navigationo Amygdala Involved in emotional responses, aggression  The Forebraino Forebrain Cerebrum; large mass of cortex in 2 hemispheres Cerebral cortex; wrinkled surface of cerebrum - Most highly developed in humans Corpus callosum; large nerve bundles connecting the 2 hemisphereso Cortex is made up of 4 lobes  Frontal - Executive functioning, problem solving, reasoning  Temporal - Memory, language processing, smell, perception of fine visual details  Parietal - Sensations, perceptions, integration Occipital - Visual