PSY 101 1st EditionExam# 4 Study Guide Lectures: 16 - 20Lecture 16, 17, and 18 (March 24th, 26th, and 31st)What is Developmental Psychology and the Research methods that come along with this process? What is Physical and Prenatal Development? What are Teratogens? What is evolved in brain Development? What is perceptual development? What is Language and Cognitive development? Who is Vygotsky and what was his approach? What is social development? Whatare the different parenting styles? Who is Erikson and what did he contribute? Who is Kohlberg and what did he contribute? What is gender identity? Identify adulthood and mental decline. Developmental Psychology:- Developmental Psychology is the scientific study of biological, cognitive, social, and personality development across the lifespan.Research Methods o Cross-sectional which is where the participants are at different ages and are all participants are tested at one time. Researchers are looking for the coherent affect which is categorical differences between different generations.o Longitudinal which is the same participants being tested over different points in time whoever this method is hard to implement over time.Physical Development:- Development last throughout a life span but physical development emphasis on early stages. The different stages are Prenatal, which is from conception to birth, Infancy, birthtill around 2 years, Childhood, about 2 to 12 years, Adolescence, about 12 to 18 years, Emerging Adulthood, about 18 to 30 years, Young Adulthood, 30 to 40 years, Middle Adulthood, About 40 to 65 years, and Late Adulthood, which is about 65 years till your dead. During the infant stage a baby doubles its weight within 5 months and grows up to10 inches in a year. They also have certain reflexes that go away as the child grows such as Rooting and Sucking.Prenatal Development:- There are three stages. Germinal, 0 to 2 weeks, Embryonic, 3 to 8 weeks, and Fetal which is about 9 weeks and on.Teratogens:- Teratogens are environmental agents such as dugs and viruses, diseases, and physical conditions that impair the fetus. For example Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and clef pallets can result from teratogensBrain Development:- The Brain is rapidly growing within the first months of life. Your brain grows 25% at birth, 50% at 6months and 90% by age 6. At 12 months of age an infant has produced as many as trillions of synapses twice as many as an adult brain. Synaptic pruning is the process of reduction in the number of seldom-used neurons to allow those that are being used frequency to be maintained efficientlyPerceptual Development:- The development of the senses. Newborns sleep up to 16 hours a day do to this process. Within the first couple of days a newborn can track objects with their eyes. By 3 months they have color discrimination and by 4 months they have distant vision. AS for their ears days after being born the babies have a preference for the mother’s voice.Language Development:- Perceptions are the phonemes. Newborns detect all of them at birth however by 12 months the child learns only the ones need for primary language. A baby will first start to develop baby talk then babbling then holophrase the finally telegraphic speech.Cognitive development- Jean Piaget worked on intelligence testing in French children. He was intrigued by the children’s mistakes and that the wrong answers reflected consistent processes. Schema, mental structures for organization of information, Assimilation, inclusion of new event into existing schema, Accommodation, modification of schema, Sensorimotor, which is learning about self and environment through motor/ reflex actions, Preoperational, which uses symbols and language to represents objects, Concrete operational, abstract thinking, and Formal operational, cognitive maturity and abstract, logical thought and reasoning.Vygotsky:- Vygotsky’s sociocultural approach established cognitive abilities development through interactions with others. The zone of proximal development is the difference between what a child can do and what the can do to help others. Scaffolding is a style of teaching in which the teacher adjusts the level of help in relation to the child’s level of performance.Social Development:- Imprinting which is instinctive form of attachment and Attachment which is a deep emotional bond. Harry Harlow di an experiment on this with baby monkeys in the1950’s. he learned there are 4 different attachments o Secure attachment, Insecure avoidant, insecure resistant/ ambivalent, and Insecure disorganizedParenting Styles:- Authoritarian, Uninvolved, permissive, and Authoritative Erikson:- Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development o Trust vs mistrust, Infant o Autonomy vs shame and doubt, Toddlero Initiative vs guilt, Pre-schoolero Industry vs inferiority, Grade-schoolero Identity vs role confusion, Teenagero Intimacy vs isolation, Young adult o Generativity vs stagnation, Middle adult o Integrity vs Despair, Older adultKohlberg:- Kohlberg’s theory of moral Development o Pre-conventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewardso Conventional level  Morality law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disproval o Post-conventional level  Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles o As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.Gender Identity:- One’s sense of being male or female - Gender role is the behavior that is typically associated with being male or femaleAdulthood:- Adulthood consists of a career, marriage, family, financial stability. However as we get older our bodies start to decline and the reduction of grey and white matter in our brain.This can sometimes cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.Lecture 19 and 20 (April 2nd and 7th)What is Social Psychology and how does it impact our behaviors? Define all vocabulary words.Social Psychology:- Social Psychology is the study of how living among others influences humans, thoughts, feelings and behaviors. This affects and impacts our behaviors by social facilitation whichis when the presence of others improves performance on difficult tasks, and Social inhibition, which is when the presence of others hinders the performance on a difficult taskVocabulary words:- Social loafing- Deindividuation- Diffusion of responsibility - Bystander affect - Conformity - Normative