ARTS 149 1st Edition Lecture 17 Current Lecture Introduction to Roman Republic Period was split into 5 historical periods o Monarchy ruled by Etruscans Romulus to Tarquinius Superbus o Republic ruled by councils and dictators o Early Empire begins with Octavian s title of Augustus o High Empire Marked by rule of the Spanish Emperors Trajan and Hadrian o Late Empire conversion of the empire to Christianity Rome Beginnings o Started as a city state then grew to include Greece Egypt Libya Assyria Africa and more o Lasted almost 500 years o Began as an agricultural community with good trading due to the location near the sea o Founded in 753 by Romulus Romulus was considered to be related to gods through Venus and Aeneas Romulus and Remus were considered to be abandoned as children and nurtured by a wolf 6 kings follow Romulus rule o Melting pot of cultures The Republic o Tarquinius Superbus the last Etruscan king was overthrown in 509 BCE o After this overthrow senators were established and constitution was formed which created a senate and consuls o 3 classes of citizens Patricians aristocrats wealthy Plebeians served in army regular people Proletariat poorest group no rights to vote or fight o Julius Caesar Crassus and Pompey form First Triumvirate o Mark Anthony Lepidus and Octavian from Second Triumvirate o Octavian defeated Anthony in 31 BCE He was then pronounced Augustus 27 BCE Virtues of Rome These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Discipline and self discipline o Respect for authority o Responsibility Admiration for Greek art o Roman gods had counter parts with Greek Gods o Adopted Greek iconography o Copied Greek art o Imported Greek works by thousands o However they did not use marble as much as Greeks did instead they used travertine and tufa Later they developed concrete and used it commonly Development of concrete freed them from post and lintel strucute Arches of Rome o Made of concrete o Voussoirs wedge shaped bring o Keystone top most stone of arch o Buttressing or abutments prevent collapse o Springing where curve of arch begins Vaults o Barrel aka tunnel vault repeated archways with buttressing o Groin vault crossing 2 barrels vaults with buttressing where groins meet o Dome arch is rotated at 180 degrees Architecture of Roman Republic o Temple of Fortuna Virilis or Temple of Portunus ca 75 BCE Rome Italy Roman Republic Travertine with white stucco Also known as temple of manly fortune Dedicated to portunus who is the roman god of harbors Incorporates Etruscan and Greek elements Elevated platform Etruscan Stairway Etruscan Portico with columns Etruscan Ionic Column Greek Fluted Shaft of column Greek Continuous ionic frieze Greek Columns are used however for decorative purposes not structural purposes which is new o Temple of Vesta or Sibyl early 1st century BCE Tivoli Italy Concrete structure with tufa foundation Roman Republic Dedicated to goddess of Hearth Sibyl women who could predict the future Considered a tholos temple round circular Greek influence is seen in columns and continuous frieze with garland and oxen heads Sculptures of Roman Republic o Funerary Relief with portraits of Gessii ca 30 BCE Rome Italy Roman Republic Shows free born citizen with 2 freed slaves Citizen wears a breast plate o Head of Roman Patrician ca 75 50 BCE Otricoli Italy Roman Republic These pieces were meant to contribute to genealogy of the family Shows veristic realism a real person but also exemplifies the ideas of roman republic i e serious virtuous loyalty to family and state shows sagging and sunken in skin and older features o The Orator ca 80 Made of bronze In book as Roman Republic but Ms Sutherland considers it to be Etruscan o Denarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar ca 44 BCE Made of silver Traditionally deities were put on currency but Julius Caesar was first to put his face on currency Started a new tradition In this way he used it as a form of propaganda States Dictator perpetuus meaning dictator for life Shows veristic realism but he is not idealized Pompeii o 6th century Greek city that became a Roman Settlement o Was a wealthy colony with high standard of living o Population of 20 000 people o Irregular grid plan o Eruption of Mt Vesuvius 79 BCE preserved the city o Architecture city plan of Pompeii Aerial view of amphitheater ca 750 BCE Located on southeastern end of town 145 yards x 112 yards Could hold 20 000 spectators Built on a hill Forum Public square that was in city Roman House called Dommas Atrium lets in light and rainwater o Rainwater was collected in impluvium Dining room kitchen and small gardens were also located in the plan No windows to outside to prevent dust and sound of town from coming in Atrium could be closed Atrium of House of Vettii Pompeii Italy Influenced by Greeks Peristyle Garden o Doric columns o Fountains with underground piping o Formalized style o 3 different styles of Masonry in Pompeii First Style wall painting of stucco Example entry way of Samnite House Herculaneum Italy Second Style shows illusionism and 3 dimensional Example dionysiac mystery frieze in Froom 5 of Villa of Mysteries Pompeii Italy