ARTS 149 1st Edition Lecture 17 Current LectureIntroduction to Roman Republic- Period was split into 5 historical periodso Monarchy – ruled by Etruscans; Romulus to Tarquinius Superbuso Republic – ruled by councils and dictators o Early Empire – begins with Octavian’s title of “Augustus”o High Empire – Marked by rule of the Spanish Emperors, Trajan and Hadrian o Late Empire – conversion of the empire to Christianity - Rome Beginningso Started as a city-state then grew to include Greece, Egypt, Libya, Assyria, Africa and moreo Lasted almost 500 yearso Began as an agricultural community with good trading due to the location near the seao Founded in 753 by Romulus  Romulus was considered to be related to gods through Venus and Aeneas Romulus and Remus were considered to be abandoned as children and nurtured by a wolf  6 kings follow Romulus’ ruleo Melting pot of cultures- The Republico Tarquinius Superbus, the last Etruscan king, was overthrown in 509 BCEo After this overthrow, senators were established and constitution was formed which created a senate and consulso 3 classes of citizens Patricians (aristocrats, wealthy) Plebeians (served in army, regular people) Proletariat (poorest group, no rights to vote or fight)o Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey form First Triumvirate o Mark Anthony, Lepidus and Octavian from Second Triumvirate o Octavian defeated Anthony in 31 BCE He was then pronounced Augustus – 27 BCE- Virtues of RomeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Discipline and self-disciplineo Respect for authority o Responsibility - Admiration for Greek arto Roman gods had counter parts with Greek Godso Adopted Greek iconographyo Copied Greek art o Imported Greek works by thousands o However, they did not use marble as much as Greeks did, instead they used travertine and tufa  Later they developed concrete and used it commonly  Development of concrete freed them from post and lintel strucute- Arches of Rome o Made of concrete o Voussoirs – wedge shaped bringo Keystone – top most stone of archo Buttressing or abutments – prevent collapseo Springing – where curve of arch begins- Vaultso Barrel (aka tunnel) vault – repeated archways with buttressing o Groin vault – crossing 2 barrels vaults with buttressing where groins meeto Dome – arch is rotated at 180 degrees- Architecture of Roman Republic o Temple of Fortuna Virilis or Temple of Portunus (ca. 75 BCE) Rome, Italy Roman Republic Travertine with white stucco  Also known as temple of manly fortune  Dedicated to portunus who is the roman god of harbors Incorporates Etruscan and Greek elements- Elevated platform – Etruscan- Stairway – Etruscan- Portico with columns – Etruscan- Ionic Column – Greek - Fluted Shaft of column – Greek - Continuous ionic frieze – Greek  Columns are used, however, for decorative purposes not structural purposes which is new o Temple of “Vesta” or Sibyl (early 1st century BCE) Tivoli, Italy Concrete structure with tufa foundation Roman Republic Dedicated to goddess of Hearth  Sibyl – women who could predict the future Considered a tholos temple – round, circular Greek influence is seen in columns and continuous frieze with garland and oxen heads- Sculptures of Roman Republic o Funerary Relief with portraits of Gessii (ca. 30 BCE) Rome, Italy Roman Republic Shows free-born citizen with 2 freed slaves- Citizen wears a breast plateo Head of Roman Patrician (ca. 75 – 50 BCE) Otricoli, Italy Roman Republic These pieces were meant to contribute to genealogy of the family Shows veristic realism – a real person but also exemplifies the ideas of roman republic - i.e. serious, virtuous, loyalty to family and state shows sagging and sunken in skin and older featureso The Orator (ca. 80) Made of bronze In book as Roman Republic, but Ms. Sutherland considers it to be Etruscano Denarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar (ca. 44 BCE) Made of silver Traditionally deities were put on currency, but Julius Caesar was first to put his face on currency - Started a new tradition- In this way, he used it as a form of propaganda States “Dictator perpetuus” meaning dictator for life Shows veristic realism, but he is not idealized- Pompeii o 6th century Greek city that became a Roman Settlement o Was a wealthy colony with high standard of livingo Population of ~20,000 peopleo Irregular grid plano Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius – 79 BCE – preserved the cityo Architecture/city plan of Pompeii Aerial view of amphitheater (ca. 750 BCE)- Located on southeastern end of town - 145 yards x 112 yards- Could hold 20,000 spectators- Built on a hill Forum - Public square that was in city Roman House – called Dommas - Atrium – lets in light and rainwater o Rainwater was collected in impluvium - Dining room, kitchen and small gardens were also located in the plan- No windows to outside to prevent dust and sound of town from coming in- Atrium could be closed Atrium of House of Vettii - Pompeii, Italy- Influenced by Greeks- Peristyle Garden o Doric columnso Fountains with underground piping o Formalized styleo 3 different styles of Masonry in Pompeii First Style – wall painting of stucco - Example: entry way of Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy  Second Style – shows illusionism and 3 dimensional - Example: dionysiac mystery frieze in Froom 5 of Villa of Mysteries Pompeii,