ARTS 149 1st Edition Lecture 20 Continuation of High Empire- Portraits and Sculpture of High Empireo Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius (ca 175 CE) Rome, Italy Carved in Bronze Originally thought to be Constantine by Pope Paul III and that is the reason why it survives today Sculpture was larger than life – 11ft 6 inches tall- Shows how he was a powerful emperor  Naturalistic and individualized  Typical roman style is seen here Sculpture inspired equestrian statues in the Renaissance  Marcus Aurelius as Ruler- He was one of the last 5 Good Emperors of Rome (includes Trajan and Hadrian)- He was a philosopher emperor - Wrote the Meditations in Greeko Portrait of Marcus (ca 175 - 180 CE) He is showed more aged and worried - Burden of ruling world-wide empire- Wear of constant warfare on frontiers o Sarcophagus of Myth of Orestes (ca. 140 – 150 CE) Burials were becoming more popular again over cremation- Due to influence of Christianity and Eastern Religions- Idea of afterlife for human body The sarcaophagus was placed in a niche- It was against a wall so there are only carvings on front and 2 sides Carved in the side was Greek Myth of Orestes - Orestes kills his mother and her lover because her lover kills Agamemnon, Orestes fathero We also see Orestes asking for forgiveness at Oracle of Delphi to Athena o Asiatic Sarcophagus with Kline portrait of a woman (ca 165 – 170 CE)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Rapolla, Italy- An Eastern sarcophagus which means there is carvings on all 4 sides o Commodus as Hercules (ca. 190 CE) Commodus was the son of Marcus Aurelius  He was a poor ruler, very vain and selfish He was assassinated  He thought he was the reincarnated Hercules and Zeus This portrait shows Classical Appearance and Individualized o End of High Empire Roman power was declining due to - Problems at frontier - Civil war erupting- Declining economy  Occurs at End of Antoine dynasty - After the assassination of Commodus Spread of Christianity and Eastern CultsIntroduction to Late Empire- Late Empireo Civil war endso Severus Dynasty begins – first African Emperor o Soldier Emperors from 235 – 284 o Trajan Decius – persecution of Christianso Tribonias Gallus – an emperor - Art under Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus)o Portrait of Caracalla (ca 211 – 217 CE) Carved in marble Late Empire  He is seen as suspicious, threatening  He was depicted as a Military Man- Seen in his beard/scuf- His haircut Does not show Pax Romana  He was assassinated  He granted Roman Citizenship to people in roman colonies o Baths of Caracalla  Late Empire Bath house available to public  Inspired the Turkish Baths Also included libraries, gardens, galleries, shops Men and women bathed naked together Baths (3 rooms)- Hot (Caldarium)- Cold (frigidarium)- Medium Temperature (Tepidarium) Palestra – gym Natatio – pool; was uncovered (all other parts were covered) Hypocaustym – the system of hot air channels that heated baths from below and was supported by pillar tiles beneath floor - Art of Era Of Solider Emperors (during Late Empire) o Heroic Portrait of Trebonias Gallus (ca. 251 – 253 CE) Rome, Italy Larger than life Image of “brute force”  Very diferent than typical classical porportions!!! Also very diferent depiction than typical Classical, “beautiful athlete”o Battle of Romans and Barbarians (ca. 250 – 260 CE) Rome, Italy Carved in marble- Deeply carved  Shows Ludovisis (emperor ) as fearless, sprawled out and triumphant over death Very detailed and shows many scenes with barbarians, horses, trumpeters, romans Late empire Original is located today in National Museum of Rome Original Lid was broken and then repaired; now resides w a copy of the sarcophagus in the Germanic Central Museum - Art during Shared Power: Diocletians Tetarhyo During this time there was always an Augustus for both the East and West and a Cesar for both the East and Westo St. Marks Cathedral Late Empire Venice, Italy Under Diocletian Agustus of the East and Maximianus, Agustis of the West o Portrait of Four Tetarchs (ca 305 CE) Late Empire Carved in Porphyry (a hard, Egyptian rock) Moved away from classicism- Diferent proportion - we seen large heads, small shoulders- Lack of drapery – instead pattern of lines This sculpture represents harmony - Emperor Constantine during Late Empireo Son of Cesar of Westo Ruled with Lisinease until Constantine defeated him o Creates Constantinople o Christianity becomes de facto official religion of Roman Empireo Arch of Constantine (ca 312 – 315 CE) Late Period Rome, Italy  Celebrates the Victory over Maxentius at Milvian Bridge Re-use of sculptures from Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius and these details are seen- This was a way in which he tried to gain approval and likeness of the people because these were thought to be great emperors- Association with good emperors We see a decline in creativity and technical skills Says “Bringer of Peace”, “Liberator of City” We can see - Winged victories- Dacian Prisoners- Roundels with classical associationso Boar hunt and sacrifice to gods- Oratio – a public speech from Marcus Aurelius and Hadrian Distribution of Largess - Detail on north frieze of arch of Constantine - Abstract- Formal - Flattened space- Not naturalistic or individualized - Not classical at