ARTS 149 1st Edition Lecture 7 Continuation of Egypt Art Predynastic Early Dynastic and Introduction to Old Kingdom I II III Map of Ancient Egypt a Divided into 2 dynasties i Each dynasty was based on family lines b These dynasties were divided into kingdoms Predynastic Kingdom ca 3 000 2 950 BCE a Upper and Lower Egypt were unified i Upper Egypt Southern Egypt upstream to Nile ii Lower Egypt Northern Egypt downstream to Nile Art in Predynastic Kingdom ca 3 500 3 200 BCE a Detail Wall Painting from Tomb Hierakonpolis i Water color of boats down Nile and people ii Similarity to CatalHoyuk and Deer Hunt 1 People are placed randomly in both scenes iii Similarity to Mesopotamian Sound Box 1 Heraldic pose is seen in both b Palette of King Narmer ca 3 000 BCE i Palette a stone slab with circular depression which usually is used to place eye makeup on 1 Besides its typical use this palette is also ceremonial because it is a palette for the God s ii This palette specifically represents the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt iii Back of Palette 1 King Narmer a Hierarchy Scaling is seen King Narmer is much larger than other characters on back of Palette b He wears a crown of Upper Egypt showing his power of this area 2 Horus a Seen as a falcon with a human hand b Stands on a papyrus plant which is a symbol of lower Egypt 3 Hathor Goddess is seen on the palette These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IV 4 Registers are seen here also iv Front of Palette 1 Sun disk circular area where makeup would be placed a Formed by panther like creatures intertwined necks b The sun disk created from these intertwined necks symbolizes unification 2 King Narmer a Seen again in 2nd register from top in hierarchy scaling b Here he wears the crown of Lower Egypt 3 Lower Register a Large Bull represents king s super human strength b Aerial Scene first architectural plan ever documented Architecture ofPredynastic Egypt a Most structures and houses were built of mud brick and plants i These have mostly been lost over the years and not too many of these remains are lef b Temples were made of stone and are mostly the only architectural remains lef i These show desire for permanence stability and order c Mastaba tombs i PREDYNASTIC ii Located west of city so deceased could begin journey to the next world 1 It was thought that the next would was located in the west where the sun sets iii Literally the Arabic word for bench iv Contained an underground burial chamber with a chapel for the people mourning the dead v Paintings sculptures and riches were found in these to provide the deceased with supplies i e food clothing during new life vi Differences from Ziggurats 1 Mastabas are tombs whereas ziggurats are temples 2 Because they were tombs people were not meant to go inside and they lack staircases 3 Mastabas were meant for the dead not the living d Evolution of Pyramid i Mastaba begins low and rectangular typically one story with deceased buried below ii Progressed to Stepped Pyramid basically were stacked pyramids i e Djoser s Complex iii Finally evolved into Pyramids 1 More chambers are located in these and are solely meant for Pharaohs V VI VII 2 Contained more complicated passageways and false entryways in order to prevent thieves Architecture of Early Dynastic Egypt a Imhotep s Stepped Pyramid and Mortuary Precinct of Djoser ca 2 630 2 611 BCE i EARLY DYNASTIC ii Imhotep planned it and is the 3rd architect known iii First Royal Tomb iv Each corner of stepped pyramid points in direction of N E S W v The stacking structure forms a symbolic stairway to heaven vi Beneath pyramid was channels to resemble a palace 1 This would be the place for the king to live in during new life afer death b Columnar Entrance Corridor to Mortuary Precinct of Djoser ca 2 630 2 611 BCE i EARLY DYNASTIC ii Columns are earliest known columns iii Classical columns with capitals and shaf iv Had a major influence on Greek columns c Fa ade of the North Palace to Mortuary Precinct of Djoser ca 2 630 2 611 BCE i EARLY DYNASTIC ii Capitals resemble papyrus plants iii Columns are attached to wall this is called engaged columns Gods and Goddesses of Egypt a Ra sun god b Amun supreme god c Osiris king of order word d Seth antithesis of order e Isis sister and wife of Osiris represents life f Horus Son of Osiris and protector of pharaoh g Hathor wife of horus and dive mother of pharaoh appears as cow h Thoth god of writing science and law i Bastet daughter of ra a cat Symbols of Pharaoh to be familiar with a Ankh symbol of life a looped cross b Wadjet eye of Horus sun and moon c Nemes striped headdress blue gold worn by pharaoh d Uraeus cobra represents the goddess Wadjet patron goddess of lower Egypt i Also represents protection ii Worn on forehead e Scarab a beetle hatched from the earth symbolizes rebirth and signs of new life VIII IX X f Cartouche oval shape around names i Whatever is included within the circle typically is what the ruler has power over g False beard scepters and staff i False beards were even worn by the women pharaohs Mummification a Essential for passage into afer life b A way of persevering human bodies for Ka to live in afer death c Body was washed and ritually purified by priests d Internal organs were removed soaked in a salty solution for preservation wrapped up and placed in canonic jars e Heart was lef in body considered to be the place of intelligence and most important part f Brain was removed and disposed of g Body was stuffed with linen and then wrapped layer by layer with payers performed between each layer h Total process took 70 days i Opening the Mouth Ceremony i Done so mummy could eat in afer life ii funeral procession was on the day of burial iii procession would go to the edge of the Nile to the western side of Egypt j Estimated 70 million mummies from Egypt i Many of them were destroyed and used as fuel thought Egypt did not have resources like wood to burn and were forced to use mummies ii There was a mummy craze and many mummies were ground up and then used in medicine k Animals were also mummified l This mummification process stopped afer Christianity spread because the religion does not require to preserve body for the dead Cats a Considered to be Gods afer death and thought to be sacred b Cats were domesticated and even taken on hunting expeditions not dogs Old Kingdom of Egypt ca 2