BOLOGY 107 Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Cell Biology a Organelles i Ribosomes ii Nucleus iii Endomembrane system 1 Endoplasmic reticulum 2 Golgi apparatus 3 Lysosomes 4 Vacuoles Outline of Current Lecture II Organelles a Mitochondria b Chloroplast c Endosymbiosis theory d Peroxisome e Cytoskeleton Current Lecture Organelles 1 Mitochondria i A single mitochondrion ii Double membrane 1 Inner membrane is highly folded 2 Adds surface area fir enzymes iii Multiple domains 1 Intermembrane space between the membranes 2 Mitochondrial matrix inside the inner membrane iv Center for cellular respiration 1 ATP produced from O2 and sugar 2 Number of mitochondria in a cell represents how active the cell is v Separate DNA and ribosomes 1 Allows for its own protein synthesis b Chloroplasts These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute i Plastid plant specific ii Double membrane iii Structure 1 Thylakoids stack to form granums the stroma is the space around the granums iv Perform photosynthesis 1 Glucose production v Contains its own DNA and ribosomes c Endosymbiosis theory i Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane ii Both have circular DNA like bacteria iii The ribosomes that both contain are more similar to bacteria ribosomes than to Eukaryote ribosomes iv The nuclear gene pathways are similar to Archaea but the metabolism is similar to bacteria v Some bacteria live within Eukaryotic cells symbiotically vi Hypothesis mitochondria derive from such a dependant relationship whereby a bacterium became resident within an Achaea cell 1 Allowed the host to live in an oxygen rich environment 2 mtDNA mitochondrial DNA is remnant of bacterial genome vii One branch of Eukaryote decendant repeated the process with photosynthetic blue green algae chloroplasts viii Halobacterium 1 Archaea took in a eubacterium engulfed and dissolved it and added the DNA to its own ix Bielowiela 1 4 membrane plastids 2 Eukaryote engulfed an entire Eukaryote nucleus shrank and became nucleomorph d Peroxisome i Single membrane ii Breaks down fatty acids iii Detoxifies compounds 1 A dense enzyme grid if the crystals form H2O2 from O2 then convert it to H2 O 2 Highly compartmentalized 3 Near mitochondria and chloroplasts e cytoskeleton i Maintains shape supports organelles helps with motility transports vesicles ii Made of 3 fibers 1 Microtubules made from tubulin a Hollow tubes made from 13 columns of tubulin and tubulin b 25nm in width lumin is only 15nm c Hold shape compression resistant are in cilia and flagella transport vesicles and separate chromosomes d Centrisome made of microtubules i 2 centrioles 9 microtubule triplets e Flagella i 9 tubules in doublets with 2 in the center ii Extends from basal body iii Long singular undulating f Cilia i 9 tubules in doublets with 2 in the center ii Extends from basal body iii Short many power strokes 2 Microfilaments made from actin a Intertwined strands the polymer has 2 b 7 nm c Help shape contraction cyto streaming pseudopodia cleavage formation 3 Intermediate filaments made from various compounds a Proteins super coiled into cables b 8 12 nm c Function depends on cell type i Help shape anchor organelles nuclearlamina
View Full Document
Unlocking...