BOLOGY 107 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Themes in Biology a How biology is organized II Water a Properties of water Outline of Current Lecture III Divisions in Chemistry IV Properties of Carbon V Functional Groups of Molecules a Classes of groups b Functions of groups VI Macromolecules a What macromolecules are b Classes of macromolecules Current Lecture Review emergent properties of water Division of chemistry based on attraction to water Hydrophilic water loving Polar or ionic molecules and compounds Compounds and domains interact with each other in the presence of water Hydrophobic water fearing Non polar or uncharged molecules Compounds and domains interact with each other because they are excluded from interacting with anything hydrophilic Carbon Because it is tetrahedral it can bond to four other atoms to form a variety of compounds Hydrocarbons Only consist of hydrogen and carbon Provide energy storage and cell structure Isomers same chemical formula different attributes Linear or branched where the carbons connect Cis or trans how the other atoms are arranged around the double bonded carbon C These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Enantiomers Right or left handed molecules Functional groups Methyl non polar hydrophobic Can mask a molecules charge make it lipid soluble Oxygen polar hydrophilic Hydroxyl HO Alcohols usually end in ol Carbonyl C O Ketones within the skeleton of the molecule Aldehyde at the end of the skeleton of the molecule Carboxyl O C O H Carboxilic acid or organic acid often ionize by releasing a proton Other atoms Sulfhydryl SH Thiols form disulfides S S Phosphate O P O O double bond above P and O single bonded below Organic phosphates always charged Amino N with two H s and one open bond slot Amines often ionize by taking on a proton Functions of adding these groups Change shape binding or marking Change charge or polarity binding or causing hydrophobicity Change electron distribution change stability or pH Can store energy in the bonds Macromolecules Polymers and some large molecules are formed from a simple repeating unit Allows for greater diversity Participate in many cellular roles Functional proteins Structural lipids Energy storage Information Synthesized by dehydration reaction removing a water molecule broke down by hydrolysis adding a water molecule Classes Carbohydrates contain carbon oxygen or hydrogen Monomer basic subunit called monosaccharide Classified by the size of the carbon backbone locations of carbonyl group and functional group Polymers If two monomers it is a disaccharide If three or more monomers it is a polysaccharide Can either be in linear or ring shape In most environments there is equilibrium between linear and ring form In aqueous solution though ring form is dominant
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