The Process of Science Class discussion I What is Biology The scientific study of life a In biology we ask and answer questions to understand the natural world II Properties associated with life a Order living things possess very complex organization b Reproduction organisms reproduce on their own c Growth and Development the information that we inherit in our DNA controls patterns of growth and development d Energy Processing energy comes in different forms and is used to power the activity of living organisms e Response to the Enviornment organisms respond to stimuli in their environment f Regulation living organisms can regulate their internal environment g Evelutionary Adaptation organisms adapt to the environment over time so that they have reproductive success III The Process of Science Inquiry based a In general the process of science involves i Making an Observation ii Asking a Question iii Formulate a Hypothesis 1 What is a hypothesis A proposed explanation for a set of observations 2 How is a hypothesis different than a theory A theory is supported by a large usually growing body of evidence iv Test our predictions 1 Designing experiments Batteries dead replace test prediction 2 Collecting data a Quantitative Results deal with numbers and can be measured b Qualitative Results observed but not measured c Positive Results a result that supports the hypothesis d Negative Results a result that does not support the hypothesis v Draw Conclusions Example of the process of science from your book and also from UNC Biology Mimicry in North Carolina snakes Mimicry in snakes reduces the harmless animals risk of being eaten Mimicry The similarity of one species to another One is poisonous one is not Hypothesis by looking like the other it would protect itself The King snake will be attacked less if it looks like the Coral snake Made fake snakes and saw how many got attacked brown snakes got attacked more hypothesis supported IV Lets apply what we have learned so far Fill in the second table by matching a description from the first table the column on the left with a word from the column on the right in this table The order of which these appear in your table should ALSO be consistent with the process of science as you now know it Orcas eat fish because they have evolved over time and are now genetically different from orcas that eat marine mammals in the Northeast Atlantic Results and Conclusio n Have orcas diverged in the Northeast Atlantic such that they now comprise two genetically distinct populations with different prey preferences Some orca pods in the Northeast Atlantic eat fish yet some pods prefer marine mammals Hypothes is There is no genetic evidence that the orca population that feasts on fish alone is different from those that dine on seals Observati on Collect DNA samples in the North Atlantic from living whales that eat fish living whales that eat marine mammals and compare these to ancient DNA samples from whales that ate marine mammals Question Some orca pods in the Northeast Atlantic eat fish yet some pods prefer marine mammals Observati on Have orcas diverged in the Northeast Atlantic such that they now comprise two genetically distinct populations with different prey preferences Orcas eat fish because they have evolved over time and are now genetically different from orcas that eat marine mammals in the Northeast Atlantic Collect DNA samples in the North Atlantic from living whales that eat fish living whales that eat marine mammals and compare these to ancient DNA samples from whales that ate marine mammals There is no genetic evidence that the orca population that feasts on fish alone is different from those that dine on seals Question Experime nt Hypothes is Experime nt Results and Conclusio n Did the data collected in this study provide a positive or negative result Negative It turns out Some of the study populations that previously were considered fishonly diners also feast on mammals the team s research shows For instance the scientists collected samples from a family pod of six orcas that aboriginal hunters in East Greenland had killed Each whale had a seal pup in its stomach Foote says yet their teeth were worn like those of the herring hunting whales seen off Iceland Orcas have lived much longer in the waters of the Pacific Northwest because 10 000 years ago the North Atlantic was all ice PREDICT What is going on with the orcas in the North Atlantic ocean There s not enough fish and more seals are available so why not go for the seals The seals will help to sharpen the whales teeth and enhance their ability to eat the seals They must resort to the fish due to the over fishing If some eat fish and some eat seals it evens up the pods Because the whales are newer they re trying to diverge evolve change but haven t had as much time If your would like to read more on this study http news sciencemag org evolution 2013 08 north atlantic killer whales maybe branching two species monosaccharide lactose cholesterol waxes polymer nucleotide cellulose nitrogenous base enzyme triglyceride glycogen starch glucose amino acid disaccharid e hydrophilic deoxyribose chitin phospholipid ribose monomer protein glycerol RNA DNA peptide bond fatty acid hydrolysis polysaccharide hydrophobic Macromolecules Class discussion Macromolecules obtained from food we eat providing the raw material for building our own macromolecules Molecules 2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds strong bonds that join atoms Macromolecules smaller molecules come together and join up building blocks I Four major macromolecules biological polymers in the cell 1 Carbohydrates 2 Lipids 3 Proteins 4 Nucleic Acids Monomer the building blocks of polymers small units Polymers a chain of small molecules Carbohydrates o Glucose o Lactose o Cellulose o Glycogen o Chitin o Starch o Polysaccharide o Disaccharide o Monosaccharide o Hydrolysis Lipids o Fatty acid o Phospholipid o Cholesterol o Waxes o Hydrophobic o Triglyceride Proteins o Protein o Enzyme o Peptide bond o Amino Acid Nucleic Acids o DNA o RNA o Nucleotide o Ribose o Deoxyribose o Nitrogenous base On your own categorize the words listed in the table according to their corresponding macromolecule Think about how you will justify your answer to your neighbor II Carbohydrates recognizing by nomenclature A Monosaccharides simple sugars simple unit sugar ex Glucose fructose FUNCTION typically for energy Carbon molecules can also be used to make
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