HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I 1918 Fourteen Points II Wilson Goes to Versailles France III Henry Cabot Lodge IV V VI 1919 Summer Reservations Also called Lodge reservations October 1919 Wilson s Speaking Tour Stroke 1920 Great and Solemn Referendum Outline of Current Lecture VII Warren G Harding VIII A Mitchell Palmer IX 18th Amendment Prohibition 1919 X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII Evangelism 1925 Scopes Trial Henry Ford Film Radio Teapot Dome Coolidge Back to Business Europe s Downfall US Stock Market Booms Current Lecture 10 2 13 Return to Normalcy Warren G Harding Ohio Back to Normalcy Platform of Harding These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Reformers still actively worked for good and efficient government at the local level but overall the drive was for a return to normalcy conformity and moral righteousness Roaring Twenties Harding was not an outstanding senator had little political record A Mitchell Palmer Red Scare Communist Scare Palmer conducts unconstitutional mass arrests and deports American citizens 1912 Sacco and Vanzet Arrested and convicted of murder and robbery of a shoe factory Record of anarchist association Judge referred to them as anarchist bastards May have been innocent but didn t get a fair trial because of anarchy relation 18th Amendment Prohibition 1919 90 of criminals were whiskey made Began dealing alcohol modern organized crime Mort Mortimer Rumored to give Harding booze Prohibition wanted to apply morality but it didn t work Evangelism Emphasis on evangelic behavior Billy Sunday Aimee Semple McPherson Former baseball player against prohibition evangelic flamboyant Beyond an evangelist news item Evangelism created a tug of war 1925 Scopes Trial John Scopes was convicted and fined 100 for teaching evolution in his Dayton Tenn classroom Staged a trial the first highly publicized trial concerning the teaching of evolution the Scopes trial also represents a dramatic clash between traditional and modern values in America of the 1920s Featured two controversial figures Clarence Darrow a renowned defense attorney for labor and radical figures an avowed agnostic in religious matters Williams Jennings Bryan The state s attorney a Christian and pacifist agreed to take the case because he believed that evolution theory led to dangerous social movements he believed the Bible should be interpreted literally Died within a few days of trial conclusion The jury found Scopes guilty of violating the law and fined him 100 Henry Ford Introduced first assembly line Increased Fords in circulation 1900 4 000 1929 4 8 million Model T became an icon Cost reduced because of assembly line 1908 825 No fuel pump and dangerous to operate crank start Depended on gravity couldn t go up hills or would stall 15 million sold Mobility greater freedom Suburban life forms revolutionary introduction new and exciting Automobile creates havoc in terms of dating patterns morality 1925 260 Film Advancing technology in film major movie stars Silver screen becomes big Clara Bow it girl Rudolph Valentino craze among women Sets styles appearances for culture Radio Set standards for mass programming KDKA 1ST Radio broadcast Proliferation of radio is binding element of America Materialistic impulses were fed Teapot Dome Harding s administration was most corrupt Major scandal Teapot Catchphrase for the climate of corruption surrounding the Harding administration The Teapot Dome was a government owned oil field in Wyoming that was set aside as an oil reserve for warships Haring decided to move administration from the navy to interior Thereafter Albert B Fall began signing sweetheart contracts with close friends executives of oil companies for access to the oil field They took about 400 00 worth of brides little black bag Coolidge Back to Business After death of Harding Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes President Conservative and pro business would only answer in one word Andrew Mellon Secretary of Treasury Tried to negate income tax Materialistic impulses spur greed Europe s Downfall Europe is falling into a post WWI depression Lost manpower and money 1922 Fordney McCumber Tariffs Raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms Congress displayed a pro business attude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe which in turn bought more American goods War Debts 10 billion US demanded War Debts must be repaid 1923 Dawes Plan The Reparations Commission of the Allied nations Headed 1923 24 by Charles G Dawes The plan was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allies The Dawes committee consisted of ten representatives two each from Belgium France Great Britain Italy and US it made a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt set at almost 20 billion marks Germany was failing to make payments the Dawes Plan provided that reparation payment should begin at 1 billion marks for the first year and should rise over a period of four years to 2 5 billion marks per year French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr Dawes also recommended the reorganization of the German State Bank and increased foreign loans which gave other countries control of Germany s economy The plan went into effect in Sept 1924 While German business picked up and reparation payments were made quickly it became obvious that Germany could not long continue those huge annual payments As a result the Young Plan was substituted in 1929 US distanced itself from global affairs Red Scare laws limiting immigration and high tariffs but could not ignore international events because its business interest was becoming increasingly global Although the US never joined the League of Nations it sent unofficial observers to Geneva The widespread belief that arms limitations would reduce the chance of future wars led America to participate in the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 and the Kellogg Briand Pact of 1928 US Stock Market Booms Maldistribution of income 1923 Minimum wage law was declared unconstitutional 1923 29 Average worker output up 32 wages up 8 Corporate profits up 65 1929 Top 1 income bottom 42 80 of families had no savings Installment buying 60 cars 80 radios Farm prices plummet