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UGA HIST 2112 - Return to Normalcy
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HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I.1918, Fourteen PointsII.Wilson Goes to Versailles, FranceIII. Henry Cabot LodgeIV. 1919, Summer—Reservations: (Also called Lodge reservations)V. October 1919, Wilson’s Speaking Tour/StrokeVI. 1920, “Great and Solemn Referendum”Outline of Current Lecture VII.Warren G. Harding VIII.A. Mitchell PalmerIX. 18th Amendment (Prohibition 1919)X. EvangelismXI. 1925, Scopes TrialXII. Henry FordXIII.FilmXIV.RadioXV.Teapot DomeXVI. Coolidge, “Back to Business”XVII. Europe’s DownfallXVIII. US Stock Market BoomsCurrent Lecture10/2/13: “Return to Normalcy”  Warren G. Harding: (Ohio)- “Back to Normalcy” Platform of HardingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Reformers still actively worked for good and efficient government at the local level, but overall the drive was for a “return to normalcy”—conformity and moral righteousness “Roaring Twenties” - Harding was not an outstanding senator; had little political record A. Mitchell Palmer—“Red Scare”:- Communist Scare- Palmer conducts unconstitutional mass arrests and deports American citizens- 1912, Sacco and Vanzet Arrested and convicted of murder and robbery of a shoe factory Record of anarchist association Judge referred to them as “anarchist bastards”  May have been innocent, but didn’t get a fair trial because of anarchy relation 18th Amendment (Prohibition 1919):- 90% of criminals were “whiskey made”- Began dealing alcohol—modern organized crime- Mort Mortimer Rumored to give Harding booze- Prohibition wanted to apply morality, but it didn’t work Evangelism:- Emphasis on evangelic behavior- Billy Sunday Former baseball player, against prohibition, evangelic, flamboyant- Aimee Semple McPherson Beyond an evangelist; news item- Evangelism created a tug of war… 1925, Scopes Trial- John Scopes was convicted and fined $100 for teaching evolution in his Dayton, Tenn., classroom- Staged a trial; the first highly publicized trial concerning the teaching of evolution, the Scopes trial also represents a dramatic clash between traditional and modern values in America of the 1920s- Featured two controversial figures: Clarence Darrow: a renowned defense attorney for labor and radical figures; an avowed agnostic in religious matters.  Williams Jennings Bryan: The state's attorney; a Christian and pacifist; agreed to take the case because he believed that evolution theory ledto dangerous social movements; he believed the Bible should be interpreted literally. (Died within a few days of trial conclusion)- The jury found Scopes guilty of violating the law and fined him $100. Henry Ford:- Introduced first assembly line- Increased Fords in circulation: 1900 (4,000) – 1929 (4.8 million) - Model T (became an icon) Cost reduced because of assembly line 1908- $825 1925- $260 No fuel pump and dangerous to operate (crank start) Depended on gravity  couldn’t go up hills or would stall $15 million sold Mobility  greater freedom Suburban life forms; revolutionary introduction, new and exciting Automobile creates havoc in terms of dating patterns (morality) Film:- Advancing technology in film; major movie stars- Silver screen becomes big- Clara Bow: “it girl”- Rudolph Valentino: craze among women- Sets styles, appearances for culture Radio:- Set standards for mass programming- KDKA: 1ST Radio broadcast- Proliferation of radio is binding element of America- Materialistic impulses were fed Teapot Dome:- Harding’s administration was most corrupt; Major scandal: Teapot- Catchphrase for the climate of corruption surrounding the Harding administration- The Teapot Dome was a government-owned oil field in Wyoming that was set aside as an oil reserve for warships- Haring decided to move administration from the navy to interior- Thereafter, Albert B. Fall began signing sweetheart contracts with close friends (executives of oil companies) for access to the oil field- They took about $400,00 worth of brides (“little black bag”) Coolidge, “Back to Business”:- After death of Harding, Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes President- Conservative and pro-business; would only answer in one word- Andrew Mellon Secretary of Treasury Tried to negate income tax Materialistic impulses spur greed Europe’s Downfall:- Europe is falling into a post-WWI depression- Lost manpower and money- 1922, Fordney-McCumber Tariffs Raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods- War Debts—$10 billion US demanded War Debts must be repaid- 1923, Dawes Plan The Reparations Commission of the Allied nations; Headed (1923–24) by Charles G. Dawes  The plan was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allies  The Dawes committee consisted of ten representatives, two each from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, and US; it made a solutionfor the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost 20 billion marks Germany was failing to make payments; the Dawes Plan provided thatreparation payment should begin at 1 billion marks for the first year and should rise over a period of four years to 2.5 billion marks per year French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr; Dawes also recommended the reorganization of the German State Bank and increased foreign loans (which gave other countries control of Germany’s economy) The plan went into effect in Sept., 1924. While German business picked up and reparation payments were made quickly, it became obvious that Germany could not long continue those huge annual payments. As a result, the Young Plan was substituted in 1929- US distanced itself from global affairs (Red Scare, laws limiting immigration, and high tariffs), but could not ignore international events because its business interest was becoming increasingly global- Although the US never joined the League of Nations, it sent unofficial observers to Geneva- The widespread belief that arms limitations would reduce the chance of future wars


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UGA HIST 2112 - Return to Normalcy

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