HIST 2112 1nd Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 21 25 Lecture 21 November 5 The Jim Crow South and The Civil Rights Movement Lynching 1882 1968 For African Americans growing up in the South in the 19th and 20th centuries the threat of lynching was always looming The popular image was of an angry white mob hanging a black man from a tree Lynching was an act of terror meant to spread fear among blacks it served the broad social purpose of maintaining white supremacy in the economic social and political spheres Through such awful acts figures and organizations emerged to fight this terror Booker T Washington Born a slave in Virginia but had a prominent black education at the Tuskegee Institute a place for black people to learn trades However most students became teachers Washington never overtly challenged white supremacy 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech Washington gave a speech at a famous regional fair Cotton States Expedition where he said Cast down your buckets as a parable to slaves A story of a ship out at sea Washington meant in the future blacks should remain in the South and find ways to work with the white men and become indispensible This speech benefited the rich white industrialists as well the gave Washington money for his speeches most blacks would listen to him W E B Dubois Born in Massachusetts in a free family and was the first to receive a PhD from Harvard He was a critic of Washington he argued that Washington wasn t developing the race enough Washington s plan would confine blacks permanently to the ranks of second class citizenship and no civil equality Dubois wanted to create the talented tenth and emphasized the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans He was more outspoken against racial oppression Ida B Wells Born in Holly Springs Mississippi she was a journalist and an advocate She was a critic of the racial system she fought thru law She was thrown off a first class train cart and then she successfully sued the railroad company Ideas of Racial Separation were the central issue This was exemplified by 1890 1910 Jim Crow Laws and 1896 Plessy v Ferguson separate but equal Blacks could not vote and there was a great disparity between money put towards white and black children s education in the South Particular requirements to Jim Crow laws in particular communities Ex Sundown counties 1909 NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP was the leading organizational effort on central issue Prominent figures become involved and was largely composed of middle class blacks they had economic stability and influence so they could gamble a bit with their participation In smaller towns it was a secret organization to eliminate controversy however in large cities like Atlanta it was not because they were independent from whites NAACP was overwhelmingly legalistic Direct actions came thru the court system by miscarriage of justice or discriminatory laws Great Migration Was a time when 1 2 million blacks left the South and migrated to big cities and big states This moved them to a place where they could vote and a state with high electoral votes making them able to swing state vote Democrats see this power 1936 majority of blacks vote Democratic NAACP Continues Court Effort The NAACP does not try to overturn the Plessy v Ferguson separate but equal ruling instead they advocate for EQUAL 1938 Gaines v Canada Gaines filed suit to practice law in Missouri Court admitted him into Missouri law school Gaines disappeared before getting to attend 1941 A Philip Randolph Rampant discrimination on hiring Randolph leads March on Washington FDR listens and responds Double V campaign by NAACP For victory over Japan and Jim Crow During war membership in the NAACP increased 9 fold Blacks fight during WWII 1944 Smith v Allwright Strikes down the white primary the nominating primary for the Democratic party that declared that no black people could be members or vote for primary Republican parties were scarce in Southern policies o Had no presence in deep south politics Black Veterans Return from War and step forward for NAACP leadership positions Movement in the Legal System Court cases of equality 1951 McLaurin v Oklahoma McLaurin was admitted into Oklahoma as a Grad however he was regulated to minimize white contact This was not equal the court ordered the University to cease the activities of separation 1951 Sweatt v Painter Sweatt applied for Texas law school The state created a law school for Sweatt since there was none for Negros Court agreed that the school was unequal to that of the state 1954 Brown v Board of Education Clarendon County S C case that addressed segregation in schools Determined separate is inherently unequal and damaging Black children are being psychologically hurt psychologist shows evidence and testifies Lecture 22 November 7 The Civil Rights Movement Continued 1955 Emmett Till Desegregation is highly opposed Till was a 13 14 year old black boy was visiting family in Mississippi He was abducted and murdered for flirting with a white woman at a country store Mom gives him an open casket funeral and shows he had been severely beaten The picture and story gets huge journalistic exposure His symbolism and imagery in the South affect the entire US Rosa Parks In Montgomery Alabama Parks refuses to give up seat on bus to white man She is arrested for this act and her arrest sparks the Montgomery Bus Boycott The boycott was the largest scale of overt protest by blacks in the South The bus system relied on black fares blacks had economic leverage so the boycott hurt the bus system From the boycott emerged a leader MLK Jr Rev Martin Luther King Jr was a charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks 1929 1968 He fought discrimination without violence 1956 Massive Resistance Massive Resistance was whites who united to prevent black advancement in civil rights whites that own businesses implemented forces of coercion Local officials fight school integration this works for some small communities not cities 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School Integration The integration of Little Rock High School spurred massive protests Orval Faubus was governor at the time and he makes situation worse he deployed the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the black students from entering In response to Faubus action a team of NAACP