HIST 2112 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 20Lecture 13 (October 1) “Return to Normalcy”Warren G. Harding: (Ohio)“Back to Normalcy” was the platform of Harding (his conservative values and voters’ desire for stability and order). Reformers still actively worked for good and efficient government at the local level, but overall the drive was for a “return to normalcy”—conformity and moral righteousness. Harding was not an outstanding senator; had little political record“Roaring Twenties” A. Mitchell Palmer—“Red Scare”:Red Scare = Communist ScarePalmer conducts unconstitutional mass arrests and deports American citizens.For example, in 1912, Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and convicted of murder and robbery ofa shoe factory. They had a record of anarchist association, which lead to them being treated unfairly. The judge referred to them as “anarchist bastards.” They may have been innocent, but didn’t get a fair trial because of anarchy relation.18th Amendment (Prohibition 1919):90% of criminals were “whiskey made.” People began dealing alcohol—modern organized crime. Prohibition wanted to apply morality, but it didn’t work.Mort Mortimer was rumored to give Harding boozeEvangelism:There was an emphasis on evangelic behavior. People used their fame to preach evangelism. Billy Sunday was a former baseball player, against prohibition, and he was evangelic, flamboyant. Aimee Semple McPherson was beyond an evangelist; she was a news item.Evangelism created a tug of war…1925, Scopes TrialJohn Scopes was convicted and fined $100 for teaching evolution in his Dayton, Tenn. classroom. They staged a trial; the first highly publicized trial concerning the teaching of evolution, the Scopes trial also represents a dramatic clash between traditional and modern values in America of the 1920s. The jury found Scopes guilty of violating the law and fined him $100. Featured two controversial figures: Clarence Darrow: a renowned defense attorney for labor and radical figures; an avowed agnostic in religious matters. Williams Jennings Bryan: The state's attorney; a Christian and pacifist; agreed to take thecase because he believed that evolution theory led to dangerous social movements; he believed the Bible should be interpreted literally. (Died within a few days of trial conclusion)Henry Ford:Ford introduced first assembly line, which increased Fords in circulation: 1900 (4,000) – 1929 (4.8 million) The Model T became an icon. The cost was reduced because of assembly line (1908- $825; 1925- $260). There was no fuel pump and dangerous to operate (crank start) The car Depended on gravity, it couldn’t go up hills or would stall. Still, $15 million sold and the newfound mobility meant greater freedom for the American people. Suburban life forms; the Model T was a revolutionary introduction, new and exciting. Automobile creates havoc in terms of dating patterns (morality)Film:Advancing technology in film flourishes; major movie stars become widely-known. Silver screen becomes big, such as Clara Bow: “it girl” or Rudolph Valentino: the craze among women. Sets styles and appearances for cultureRadio:The radio set standards for mass programming. KDKA was the 1ST Radio broadcast. Proliferation of radio is binding element of America. Materialistic impulses were fed.Teapot Dome:Harding’s administration was most corrupt administration. Their major scandal: Teapot.It was the catchphrase for the climate of corruption surrounding the Harding administration. The Teapot Dome was a government-owned oil field in Wyoming that was set aside as an oil reserve for warships. Haring decided to move administration from the navy to interior. Thereafter, Albert B. Fall began signing sweetheart contracts with close friends (executives of oil companies) for access to the oil field. They took about $400,00 worth of brides (“little black bag”) Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves.Coolidge, “Back to Business”:After death of Harding, Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes President. Coolidge was conservative and pro-business; he would only answer in one word (hints “Silent Cal”). Coolidge believed that the nation’s welfare was tied to the success of big business, and he worked to end government regulation of business and industry as well as reduce taxes. In particular, he focused on the nation’s industrial development.Andrew MellonAs President Harding’s secretary of the Treasury, he sought to generate economic growth through reducing government spending and lowering taxes. However, he insisted that the tax reductions mainly go to the rich because he believed the wealthy would reinvest their moneyand spur economic growth. In order to bring greater efficiency and nonpartisanship to the government’s budget process, he persuaded Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act of1921, which created a new Bureau of the Budget and a General Accounting Office.Europe’s Downfall:Europe was falling into a post-WWI depression; they lost manpower and money.In 1922, US instated the Fordney-McCumber Tariffs. They raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods. War Debts—$10 billion and US demanded War Debts must be repaid. Therefore, in 1923, they created the Dawes Plan to “help” Europe repay the debt.The Reparations Commission of the Allied nations was headed (1923–24) by Charles G. Dawes. Germany and the Allies accepted the plan the same year. The Dawes committee consisted of tenrepresentatives, two each from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, and US; it made a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost 20 billion marks.Germany was failing to make payments; the Dawes Plan provided that reparation payment should begin at 1 billion marks for the first year and should rise over a period of four years to 2.5 billion marks per year.French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr; Dawes also recommended the reorganization of the German State Bank and increased foreign loans (which gave other countries control of Germany’s economy).The plan went into effect in Sept., 1924. While German business picked up and reparation payments were made quickly, it became obvious