HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I The Fear of Communism II Dulles Massive Retaliation III 1954 Vietnam IV Geneva Accords V 1955 SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization VI 1963 President Diem VII Military Advisors in Vietnam VIII 1968 Tet Offensive IX 1968 L B J Withdraws X Nixon is Elected XI April 1970 First Troop Withdrawals XII 1973 January Peace Treaty Signed Outline of Current Lecture XIII Movement in the Legal System XIV 1955 Emmett Till XV Rosa Parks XVI Rev Martin Luther King Jr XVII 1956 Massive Resistance XVIII 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School Integration XIX 1957 SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference XX Change in Strategy XXI 1960 New Orleans XXII 1961 Atlanta XXIII 1961 UGA Integration XXIV 1962 James Meredith XXV 1963 George C Wallace XXVI Bull Connor XXVII More Controversy XXVIII 1963 March on Washington XXIX 1964 Freedom Summer Current Lecture The Civil Rights Movement Continued These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Movement in the Legal System Brown v Board Clarendon County S C Addressed segregation in schools Separate is inherently unequal and damaging Black children are being psychologically hurt psychologist shows evidence and testifies 1955 Emmett Till Desegregation is opposed Till a 13 14 year old black boy was visiting family in Mississippi Abducted and murdered for flirting with a white woman at a country store Mom gives him an open casket funeral and shows he had been severely beaten Picture and story gets huge journalistic exposure Symbolism and imagery in the South affect the entire US Rosa Parks Montgomery Alabama Refuses to give up seat on bus to white man She is arrested for this act and her arrest sparks the Montgomery Bus Boycott Largest scale of overt protest by blacks in the South Bus system relied on black fares blacks had economic leverage so the boycott hurt the bus system From the boycott emerged a leader MLK Jr Rev Martin Luther King Jr Charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks 1929 1968 Fought discrimination without violence 1956 Massive Resistance Whites unite to prevent black advancement in civil rights Whites who own businesses implemented forces of coercion Local officials fight school integration This works for some small communities not cities 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School Integration The integration of Little Rock High School spurred massive protests Orval Faubus was governor at the time Makes situation worse deployed the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the black students from entering In response to Faubus action a team of NAACP lawyers won a federal district court injunction to prevent the governor from blocking the students entry With the help of police escorts the students successfully entered the school through a side entrance on 23 September 1957 With escalating mob violence however the students were rushed home soon afterward King sent a telegram to President Eisenhower urging him to take a strong forthright stand in the Little Rock situation King told the president that if the federal government did not take a stand against the injustice it would set the process of integration back fifty years This is a great opportunity for you and the federal government to back up the longings and aspirations of millions of peoples of good will and make law and order a reality Aware that the Little Rock incident was becoming an international embarrassment Eisenhower reluctantly ordered troops from the Army s 101st Airborne Division to protect the students who were shielded by federal troops and the Arkansas National Guard for the remainder of the school year 1957 SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference A group that works to gain equal rights for Black Americans and other minority groups through non violent civil protests and community development programs Change in Strategy 1960 Sit in Movement Non violently occupied areas like Woolworth s lunch counters in Greensboro NC which eventually lead to the reversing of its policy of racial segregation Produced direct confrontations Attracted violent crowds of white who would pour condiments drinks and even beat the protestors This furthered the cause for the civil rights movement and left more bad imagery for the South 1961 Freedom Riders Had a more aggressive strategy The Congress of Racial Equality had this group of black and white demonstrators ride buses to test the federal court ruling that had banned segregation on buses and trains and in terminals Despite being attacked they never gave up Their actions drew national attention and generated respect and support for their cause Major newspapers photographers create visual records of their efforts 1960 New Orleans Mandated first integration in schools in neighborhoods of working class whites Six year old Ruby Bridges Hall became the first African American child to desegregate an elementary school Although she only lived a few blocks from the William Frantz Elementary school in New Orleans Louisiana Marshals had to escort Ruby because of angry segregationist mobs that gathered in front of the school For an entire year she was the only student in her class since white parents pulled their children from the school in protest Ruby became an icon The discrimination cut into tourism dramatically for New Orleans thus they had to change their attitudes 1961 Atlanta Mayor William B Hartsfield Had policemen at every integration school His city was Too Busy to Hate Eliminated racial turmoil to keep global ties and national images and corporate business 1961 UGA Integration Ernest Vandiver Didn t want integration Compelled to close UGA however others convinced him not to do so Commission approves local option plan for small towns against integration Backbone of resistance is broken 1962 James Meredith Meredith was granted a court order to enroll at University of Mississippi Massive student retaliation and protest A large riot forms 36 Federal Marshalls were shot crowd was subdued by tear gas all happened on campus o JFK sends in troops and Mississippi guard to quell situation 1963 George C Wallace Strong advocate for segregation Elected governor of Alabama Gave famous inaugural address Segregation now segregation tomorrow segregation forever Bull Connor Hardcore segregationist Believed force could turn back integration The Southern