HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Fear of CommunismII. Dulles “Massive Retaliation”III. 1954, Vietnam IV. Geneva AccordsV. 1955, SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)VI. 1963, President DiemVII. Military Advisors in VietnamVIII. 1968, Tet OffensiveIX. 1968, L.B.J. WithdrawsX. Nixon is ElectedXI. April 1970, First Troop WithdrawalsXII. 1973, January, Peace Treaty SignedOutline of Current Lecture XIII. Movement in the Legal SystemXIV. 1955, Emmett TillXV. Rosa ParksXVI. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.XVII. 1956, Massive ResistanceXVIII. 1957, Little Rock, Arkansas School IntegrationXIX. 1957, SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)XX. Change in StrategyXXI. 1960, New OrleansXXII. 1961, AtlantaXXIII. 1961, UGA IntegrationXXIV. 1962, James MeredithXXV. 1963, George C. WallaceXXVI. Bull ConnorXXVII. More ControversyXXVIII. 1963, March on WashingtonXXIX. 1964, Freedom SummerCurrent LectureThe Civil Rights Movement (Continued)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Movement in the Legal System:- Brown v. Board Clarendon County, S.C. Addressed segregation in schools Separate is inherently unequal—and damaging Black children are being psychologically hurt; psychologist shows evidence and testifies 1955, Emmett Till:- Desegregation is opposed- Till a 13-14 year old black boy was visiting family in Mississippi- Abducted and murdered for “flirting” with a white woman at a country store- Mom gives him an open casket funeral and shows he had been severely beaten- Picture and story gets huge journalistic exposure  Symbolism and imagery in the South affect the entire US Rosa Parks:- Montgomery Alabama- Refuses to give up seat on bus to white man- She is arrested for this act, and her arrest sparks the Montgomery Bus Boycott Largest scale of overt protest by blacks in the South Bus system relied on black fares; blacks had economic leverage, so theboycott hurt the bus system- From the boycott emerged a leader: MLK Jr. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.:- Charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)- Fought discrimination without violence 1956, Massive Resistance:- Whites unite to prevent black advancement in civil rights- Whites who own businesses implemented forces of coercion- Local officials fight school integration- This works for some small communities—not cities 1957, Little Rock, Arkansas School Integration:- The integration of Little Rock High School spurred massive protests- Orval Faubus was governor at the time Makes situation worse: deployed the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the black students from entering  In response to Faubus’ action, a team of NAACP lawyers won a federaldistrict court injunction to prevent the governor from blocking the students’ entry With the help of police escorts, the students successfully entered the school through a side entrance on 23 September 1957 With escalating mob violence, however, the students were rushed home soon afterward- King sent a telegram to President Eisenhower urging him to “take a strong forthright stand in the Little Rock situation” - King told the president that if the federal government did not take a stand against the injustice it would “set the process of integration back fifty years. This is a great opportunity for you and the federal government to back up the longings and aspirations of millions of peoples of good will and make law and order a reality”- Aware that the Little Rock incident was becoming an international embarrassment, Eisenhower reluctantly ordered troops from the Army’s 101st Airborne Division to protect the students, who were shielded by federal troops and the Arkansas NationalGuard for the remainder of the school year 1957, SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference):- A group that works to gain equal rights for Black Americans and other minority groups through non-violent civil protests and community development programs Change in Strategy:- 1960, “Sit-in” Movement Non-violently occupied areas, like Woolworth’s lunch counters in Greensboro, NC, which eventually lead to the reversing of its policy of racial segregation Produced direct confrontations Attracted violent crowds of white who would pour condiments, drinks, and even beat the protestors This furthered the cause for the civil rights movement, and left more bad imagery for the South- 1961, Freedom Riders Had a more aggressive strategy  The Congress of Racial Equality had this group of black and white demonstrators ride buses to test the federal court ruling that had banned segregation on buses and trains and in terminals Despite being attacked, they never gave up Their actions drew national attention and generated respect and support for their cause Major newspapers, photographers create visual records of their efforts 1960, New Orleans:- Mandated first integration in schools in neighborhoods of working class whites Six-year-old Ruby Bridges Hall became the first African American child to desegregate an elementary school  Although she only lived a few blocks from the William Frantz Elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana Marshals had to escort Ruby because of angry segregationist mobs that gathered in front of the school  For an entire year, she was the only student in her class since white parents pulled their children from the school in protest Ruby became an icon- The discrimination cut into tourism dramatically for New Orleans, thus they had to change their attitudes 1961, Atlanta:- Mayor William B. Hartsfield Had policemen at every integration school His city was “Too Busy to Hate” Eliminated racial turmoil to keep global ties and national images and corporate business 1961, UGA Integration:- Ernest Vandiver Didn’t want integration Compelled to close UGA; however, others convinced him not to do so- Commission approves local option plan for small towns against integration- Backbone of resistance is broken  1962, James Meredith:- Meredith was granted a court order to enroll at University of Mississippi  Massive student retaliation and protest A large riot forms; 36 Federal Marshalls were shot;