HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. PalestineII. IranIII. 1979, IraqIV. War on TerrorV. Presidency Institution: Responses to PredecessorsOutline of Current Lecture VI. Correction on K1C2VII. 1961-1963, John F. KennedyVIII. 1963-1969, Lyndon B. JohnsonIX. 1969-1974, Richard M. NixonX. 1974-1977, Gerald R. FordXI. 1977-1981, Jimmy CarterXII. 1981-1989, Ronald ReaganCurrent LectureContinuation of Presidents Correction on K1C2:- Republican formula for victory- Stood for “Korean, Communism, Corruption” 1961-1963, John F. Kennedy:- Great Debates between Kennedy and Nixon JFK was in Congress and Senate and a war her Nixon was known for his stance against communism First televised debateThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Advantageous for the attractive Kennedy People who listened to the radio thought Nixon had won; however, those who watched the debate felt Kennedy had won- “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”- 1961, Bay of Pigs An invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro that failed Bad start for Kennedy- 1961, Berlin Crisis Berlin Wall is built between East and West Berlin (divided by Soviet Union) Kennedy doubles draft call and appeared to be standing up against Russia “Ich bin ein Berliner” which meant “I am one with the people of Berlin” which Kennedy stated in his speech in Berlin in 1963- 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis Cubans were building missile bases for Soviet missiles US creates a blockade of Cuba Constant heart of discourse for people within missile range Russian vessels stopped and turned around when heading towards the blockade Kennedy signed a non-invasion plan with Soviet Union This U.S.–Soviet confrontation was the cold war’s closest brush with nuclear war- Slow on civil rights and enforcing court orders for integration- Little progress on Education or Medical care 1963-1969, Lyndon B. Johnson:- Assumes presidency upon assassination of JFK- Declared a War on Poverty Great society (program to end social injustice Anti-poverty programs- Served without a Vice President- Implemented Medicare and Headstart (an education program for disadvantaged kids)- Signed Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965- Vietnam Debacle Taken under by our involvement in Vietnam Chooses not to run again 1969-1974, Richard M. Nixon:- Wanted to make the president the most powerful CREEP (committee to re-elect the president) Had anonymous donors Elaborate schemes to undermine democratic party- Nixon changed U.S. foreign policy He declared that the America was no longer the world’s policemen and he would seek some partnerships with Communist countries- With his historic visit to China, he ended twenty years of diplomatically isolating China and he began taking steps towards cultural exchanges and trade In 1972, Nixon travelled to Moscow and signed agreements with the Soviet Union on arms control and trade- Nixon was reelected, but the Watergate scandal erupted shortly after his victory- When his knowledge of the break-in and subsequent cover-up was revealed, Nixon resigned the presidency under threat of impeachment- During the Nixon administration, the economy experienced inflation and a recession at the same time, which is syndrome that defies the orthodox laws of economics; Economists named this phenomenon “stagflation” 1974-1977, Gerald R. Ford:- Ford takes office after Nixon resigns- issued Nixon a pardon for any crimes related to the Watergate scandal- The American public’s reaction was largely negative; and Ford never regained the public’s confidence- He resisted congressional pressure to both reduce taxes and increase federal spending, which sent the American economy into the deepest recession since the Great Depression - Ford retained Kissinger as his secretary of state and continued Nixon’s foreign policy goals, which included the signing of another arms--control agreement with the Soviet Union- He was heavily criticized following the collapse of South Vietnam 1977-1981, Jimmy Carter:- An outsider to Washington, capitalized on the post-Watergate cynicism and won the 1976 presidential election- He created departments of Energy and Education and signed into law several environmental initiatives- However, his efforts to support the Panama Canal Treaties and his unwillingness to make deals with legislators caused other bills to be either gutted or stalled in Congress- Despite his efforts to improve the economy, the recession continued and inflation increased - Camp David Accords 1978 Peace agreement between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, brokered by President Jimmy Carter in 1978- His administration was plagued with a series of crises Fighting in the Middle East produced a fuel shortage in the United States The Soviets invaded Afghanistan and Carter responded with the suspension of an arms-control treaty with the Soviets, the halting ofgrain shipments to the Soviet Union, and a call for a boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow In Iran, revolutionaries toppled the shah’s government and seized the American embassy, taking hostage those inside Carter struggled to get the hostages released and was unable to do sountil after he lost the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan- He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his efforts to further peace and democratic elections around the world 1981-1989, Ronald Reagan :- Former actor and governor of California was elected president - In office, he reduced social spending, cut taxes, and increased defense spending- He was criticized for cutting important programs, such as housing and school lunchesand increasing the federal deficit- By 1983, prosperity had returned to America and Reagan’s economic reforms appeared to be working, but in October of 1987 the stock market crashed; some blamed the federal debt, which had tripled in size since Reagan had taken office - In the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS cases were beginning to be reported in America, but theReagan administration chose to do little about the growing epidemic - Reagan believed that most of the world’s problems came from the Soviet