HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Fear of CommunismII. Dulles “Massive Retaliation”III. 1954, Vietnam IV. Geneva AccordsV. 1955, SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)VI. 1963, President DiemVII. Military Advisors in VietnamVIII. 1968, Tet OffensiveIX. 1968, L.B.J. WithdrawsX. Nixon is ElectedXI. April 1970, First Troop WithdrawalsXII. 1973, January, Peace Treaty SignedOutline of Current Lecture XIII. Lynching, 1882-1968XIV. Booker T. WashingtonXV. 1985, Atlanta Compromise Speech XVI. W.E.B. DuboisXVII. Ida B. WellsXVIII. Ideas of Racial SeparationXIX. 1909, NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)XX. Great MigrationXXI. NAACP Continues Court EffortXXII. Black Veterans Return from WarXXIII. Court cases of equalityCurrent LectureThe Jim Crow South and The Civil Rights Movement Lynching, 1882-1968:- African Americans growing up in the South in the 19th and 20th centuries, the threatof lynching was always loomingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- The popular image of an angry white mob hanging a black man from a tree - Lynching was an act of terror meant to spread fear among blacks; it served the broadsocial purpose of maintaining white supremacy in the economic, social and political spheres- Through such awful acts, figures and organizations emerged to fight this terror Booker T. Washington:- Born a slave in Virginia- Prominent black education- Tuskegee Institute Place for black people to learn trades However, most students became teachers- Washington never overtly challenged white supremacy 1985, Atlanta Compromise Speech:- Washington gave a speech at a famous regional fair: Cotton States Expedition- “Cast down your buckets” –parable by Washington to slaves A story of a ship out at sea- Washington meant in the future blacks should remain in the South and find ways to work with the white men and become indispensible- This speech benefited the rich white industrialists as well (the gave Washington money for his speeches; most blacks would listen to him) W.E.B. Dubois:- Born in Massachusetts in a free family- First to receive a PhD from Harvard - He was a critic of Washington Argued that Washington wasn’t developing the race enough Washington’s plan would confine blacks permanently to the ranks of second-class citizenship and no civil equality Dubois wanted to create the “talented tenth” Emphasized the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans- He was more outspoken against racial oppression Ida B. Wells:- Born in Holly Springs, Mississippi- She was a journalist and an advocate- She was a critic of the racial system; she found thru law- She was thrown off a first class train cart, then she successfully sued the railroad company Ideas of Racial Separation:- Central issue- Exemplified by 1890-1910, “Jim Crow” Laws and 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson—“separate but equal”- Blacks could not vote- There was a great disparity between money put towards white and black children’s education in the South- Particular requirements to Jim Crow laws in particular communities Ex. “Sundown” counties 1909, NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People):- Leading organizational effort on central issue- Prominent figures become involved- Run and largely composed of middle class - In smaller towns it was a secret organization to eliminate controversy; however, in large cities, like Atlanta, it was not because they were independent from whites- NAACP was overwhelmingly legalistic Direct actions came thru the court system by miscarriage of justice or discriminatory laws Great Migration:- 1 ½ - 2 ½ million blacks left the South and migrated to big cities and big states- This moved them to a place where they could vote—and a state with high electoral votes—making them able to swing state vote- Democrats see this power  1936 majority of blacks vote Democratic NAACP Continues Court Effort:- The NAACP does not try to overturn the Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” ruling—instead they advocate for EQUAL- 1938, Gaines v. Canada Gaines filed suit to practice law in Missouri Court admitted him into Missouri law school Gaines disappeared before getting to attend- 1941, A. Philip Randolph Rampant discrimination on hiring Randolph leads March on Washingtono FDR listens and responds- “Double V” campaign by NAACP For victory over Japan and Jim Crow During war membership in the NAACP increased 9 fold Blacks fight during WWII- 1944, Smith v. Allwright Strikes down the “white primary”(the nominating primary for the Democratic party that declared that no black people could be members or vote for primary) Republican parties were scarce in Southern policieso Had no presence in deep south politics Black Veterans Return from War:- Veterans step forward for NAACP leadership positions Court cases of equality:- 1951, McLaurin v. Oklahoma  McLaurin was admitted into Oklahoma as a Grad; however, he was regulated to minimize white contact This was not equal; the court ordered the University to cease the activities of separation- 1951, Sweatt v. Painter Sweatt applied for Texas law school The state created a law school for Sweatt since there was none for Negros Court agreed that the school was unequal to that of the state- 1954, Brown v. Board of Education “Separate but equal is inherently