HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I The Fear of Communism II Dulles Massive Retaliation III 1954 Vietnam IV Geneva Accords V 1955 SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization VI 1963 President Diem VII Military Advisors in Vietnam VIII 1968 Tet Offensive IX 1968 L B J Withdraws X Nixon is Elected XI April 1970 First Troop Withdrawals XII 1973 January Peace Treaty Signed Outline of Current Lecture XIII Lynching 1882 1968 XIV Booker T Washington XV 1985 Atlanta Compromise Speech XVI W E B Dubois XVII Ida B Wells XVIII Ideas of Racial Separation XIX 1909 NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People XX Great Migration XXI NAACP Continues Court Effort XXII Black Veterans Return from War XXIII Court cases of equality Current Lecture The Jim Crow South and The Civil Rights Movement Lynching 1882 1968 African Americans growing up in the South in the 19th and 20th centuries the threat of lynching was always looming These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute The popular image of an angry white mob hanging a black man from a tree Lynching was an act of terror meant to spread fear among blacks it served the broad social purpose of maintaining white supremacy in the economic social and political spheres Through such awful acts figures and organizations emerged to fight this terror Booker T Washington Born a slave in Virginia Prominent black education Tuskegee Institute Place for black people to learn trades However most students became teachers Washington never overtly challenged white supremacy 1985 Atlanta Compromise Speech Washington gave a speech at a famous regional fair Cotton States Expedition Cast down your buckets parable by Washington to slaves A story of a ship out at sea Washington meant in the future blacks should remain in the South and find ways to work with the white men and become indispensible This speech benefited the rich white industrialists as well the gave Washington money for his speeches most blacks would listen to him W E B Dubois Born in Massachusetts in a free family First to receive a PhD from Harvard He was a critic of Washington Argued that Washington wasn t developing the race enough Washington s plan would confine blacks permanently to the ranks of second class citizenship and no civil equality Dubois wanted to create the talented tenth Emphasized the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans He was more outspoken against racial oppression Ida B Wells Born in Holly Springs Mississippi She was a journalist and an advocate She was a critic of the racial system she found thru law She was thrown off a first class train cart then she successfully sued the railroad company Ideas of Racial Separation Central issue Exemplified by 1890 1910 Jim Crow Laws and 1896 Plessy v Ferguson separate but equal Blacks could not vote There was a great disparity between money put towards white and black children s education in the South Particular requirements to Jim Crow laws in particular communities Ex Sundown counties 1909 NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Leading organizational effort on central issue Prominent figures become involved Run and largely composed of middle class In smaller towns it was a secret organization to eliminate controversy however in large cities like Atlanta it was not because they were independent from whites NAACP was overwhelmingly legalistic Direct actions came thru the court system by miscarriage of justice or discriminatory laws Great Migration 1 2 million blacks left the South and migrated to big cities and big states This moved them to a place where they could vote and a state with high electoral votes making them able to swing state vote Democrats see this power 1936 majority of blacks vote Democratic NAACP Continues Court Effort The NAACP does not try to overturn the Plessy v Ferguson separate but equal ruling instead they advocate for EQUAL 1938 Gaines v Canada Gaines filed suit to practice law in Missouri Court admitted him into Missouri law school Gaines disappeared before getting to attend 1941 A Philip Randolph Rampant discrimination on hiring Randolph leads March on Washington o FDR listens and responds Double V campaign by NAACP For victory over Japan and Jim Crow During war membership in the NAACP increased 9 fold Blacks fight during WWII 1944 Smith v Allwright Strikes down the white primary the nominating primary for the Democratic party that declared that no black people could be members or vote for primary Republican parties were scarce in Southern policies o Had no presence in deep south politics Black Veterans Return from War Veterans step forward for NAACP leadership positions Court cases of equality 1951 McLaurin v Oklahoma McLaurin was admitted into Oklahoma as a Grad however he was regulated to minimize white contact This was not equal the court ordered the University to cease the activities of separation 1951 Sweatt v Painter Sweatt applied for Texas law school The state created a law school for Sweatt since there was none for Negros Court agreed that the school was unequal to that of the state 1954 Brown v Board of Education Separate but equal is inherently unequal