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UGA HIST 2112 - Racial and Class Discrimination
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HIST 2112 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last LectureI. Reconstructing the South Outline of Current LectureII. The Grant Years, Racial and Class Discrimination Current Lecture 1875: Early Civil Rights Act- Forbade discrimination in any public accommodation or setting- Last gasp of reconstruction- Last radical idea 1867: Election- Democrats have a chance for the first time in twenty years- Samuel J. Tilden (184) (Democrat) One short of winning majority- Rutherford B. Hayes (165) (Republican)- 20 Electoral votes in dispute- Tilden needs 1; Hayes needs 20- Congress creates an “Electoral Commission” to decide 15 memberso 5 Senateo 5 House of Representativeso 5 Supreme Court David Daviso The only independent out of 7 democrats and 7 republicans on Electoral Commissiono Resigned from Supreme Court to run for Senateo Democrats infuriated Now Electoral Commission is 8 Republicans, 7 Democrats All 20 disputed votes go to Haynes in an 8-7 vote Created phrase, “Old 8-7” meaning corrupt election Compromise of 1877- Democrats would accept Hayes as president with incentives from north Republicans Troops to be removed from South Southern Republicans/Carpetbaggers were free to be persecuted Support federal building of bridges and railroads Cabinet appointed made to return southern democrats to public- End of Reconstruction Credit Mobilier Scandal- $100 million scammed- Republicans crashed and burned- Sham construction company- Supposed to build 2nd continental railroad- Bought stock; sold it as for a huge profit instead Nation retreats from Reconstruction- Protection of slaves disappear- Congress and Supreme Court undue or neutralize accomplishments of Reconstruction- Narrows interpretation of Constitution - Jim Crow Laws Southern state laws Named after black face ministerial character and the dance of jumping Jim Crow Dispute shows up on railroads first, when whites do not want blacks to sit in same cars Prevented blacks and whites from sharing spaces and interacting Jim Crow Laws spur Civil Rights Cases of 1883- Discriminated African Americans bring suit under 15th Amendment- Declared Jim Crow Laws unconstitutional- Against 14th Amendment (No state may…)- However, Congress had no power in ruling on private discrimination 1869: Plessy v. Ferguson- Plessy was a light-skinned African American- Denied access on Louisiana railroad- Filed suit for violation of rights- Law stigmatizes black people- Decision of Plessy v. Ferguson spurs: “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL”o Separate bibles for blacks and whites in court roomso Separate restrooms and drinking foundationso Controls interracial contacto Court rules separate facilities were constitutional as long as they were equal facilitieso However, they were never equal Disenfranchisement- States can set standards, but not based on race- Found ways to avoid 15th Amendment- Different requirements were implemented in states to prevent black voting POLL TAX- Voting rights of Black males were protected, but voting was dangerous forthem- So to make sure they away they instated a poll tax- Prevented black people from voting due to the poorness of blacks- Was a tax on right to vote paid prior to election- Had to show receipt to vote (cost $1-$2; cumulative payment)- Sharecropping prevents blacks attainment of cash- Single-most effective way that prevented black voting- However, also prevented poor whites from voting- Cut out bottom 3RD of electoral vote SECRET BALLOT- Secret Ballot made ballots have a “Literacy Test” Had to prove literacy Read and interpret section of Constitution Selective test; made harder for blacks PROPERTY REQUIRMENTS- Had to show taxable property to vote GRANDFATHER CLAUSE- If you’re grandfather would have been eligible to vote in January 1867 then you gained automatic opportunity to vote- For poors who couldn’t read- But to register under this clause was embarrassing- ALL OF THESE REQUIREMENTS TOOK AWAY PEOPLE IN THE SOUTH’S RIGHT TO VOTE (POOR WHITES AND BLACKS) WHO WERE MOST LIKELY TO VOTE AGAINST DEMOCRATIC Crop Lien- Tough Economy; cotton growth began declining- Lien = claim on piece of property- Soil was bad, so main economic crop in south was cotton- Value of slave holdings served as collateral- Until North reorganized National banking systems for stricter requirements- Southerners were not able to use land as collateral- No labor to work land- Mortgage future crop to get funds to grow crop was RISKY- High interest rates (usually 20%) Lots of land, but no labor- Results in partnership- Cyclic debt for southerners- Only way to make money was to overproduce in declining cotton prices- Farms in GA go from 1/3 of sharecropping to 2/3 (1880-1920) Sharecropping- Poor without land would work for a share of crop- High interest rates- Had to grow cash crop- Cash v. credit prices (no choice) Crop reliable sold for cash- Control of marketing Laid in hands of creditor Creditor controlled when and for how much crop was sold- Lack of Urban Markets No demand in South for commercial food market No economic alternative Not enough industry to drawl labor away Labor surplus, no pressure to mechanize like Midwest (development of machines for wheat and corn


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UGA HIST 2112 - Racial and Class Discrimination

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