HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I.Revisit of Last Lecture (new information not covered previously) II. 1906, San Francisco—“Yellow Peril”III. 1907-1909, Great White FleetIV. 1870-71, Franco-Prussian Wara. Real Root Cause of WWI?V. 1905, Lines of Allegiance SolidifiedVI. 1914, Triggering Event of WarVII. 1915, Lusitania sunk by German U-BoatVIII. 1916, Sussex PledgeIX. 1917, February, Zimmerman NoteX. April 1917, Woodrow Wilson, US Enters WarXI. November 1917, Russian RevolutionXII. March 1918, Separate PeaceOutline of Current Lecture XIII.1918, Fourteen PointsXIV.Wilson Goes to Versailles, FranceXV. Henry Cabot LodgeXVI. 1919, Summer—Reservations: (Also called Lodge reservations)XVII. October 1919, Wilson’s Speaking Tour/StrokeXVIII. 1920, “Great and Solemn Referendum”Current Lecture9/24/13: The End of WW1 and Wilson’s Presidency  1918, Fourteen Points:- New Alliances had formed- Wilson decides to make a speech called “Fourteen Points” to illustrate what the US was fighting for during WWI- Acted as if all allies had signed on—but they haven’tThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Wilson’s idealistic nature shows thru speech and is somewhat like propaganda- “Open Covenants…openly arrived at”  Prohibits treaties, sections of treaties or understandings that are secret, such as the [Triple Alliance], etc.- “Freedom of the Seas” Non-warring countries could not safely travel and trade was declining—this point reversed that situation - “Removal of economic barriers” Removes tariffs; traders are less likely to go to war together- “Self-determination of nations” The people of a territory get to decide who is going to govern them and how This throw together people with a general connection, but doesn’t think about ethnic differences—so people are never truly unified- “League of Nations” Idea that a league would maintain world peace Wilson’s most important idea (stated throughout speech) Appeal for Democratic Congress:- Political Miscues: 1918 October Republicans mute their criticism to pursue the war effort, but Wilson wants to take Republican’s from Congress, and put more Democrats into support his League of Nations- To get the League of Nations established, Wilson compromises and develops “tunnel vision”- However, after November election, Republicans remain in control- Wilson went against historical trends: he was two terms into presidency and lost ground due to his image of being overly “idealistic” Wilson Goes to Versailles, France:- Wilson doesn’t invite the member of the senate who ratifies- Wilson goes abroad to negotiate was very irregular (he was gone for 6 months and lost touch with US)- Wilson was the only head of state there, the rest were diplomats with negotiator experience- Cordon Sanitaire Buffer zone To create buffer states on Russian border to make invasion and spreadof communism difficult- Versailles Treaty Germans are willing to negotiate under the peace of the Fourteen Points However, Germans were tricked and stripped of territory, forced to make reparation payments to France and Britain of $32 billion, which causes debt and world wide Depression, and also forced to sign “war guilt clause” (accept responsibility of war) Henry Cabot Lodge:- Woodrow Wilson’s arch enemy- He was the product of England’s 2 prominent families- Fought Wilson on every measure- Powerful man 1919, Summer—Reservations: (Also called Lodge reservations)- League of Nations covenant was a part of Versailles Treaty, so ratifying the treaty meant ratifying the League of Nations- If republicans wave Wilson’s ideas, Democrats gain the upper hand in the election- Lodge proposes republicans have questions/reservations of joining League of Nations- So they suggested amendments in League of Nation in Treaty of Versailles - Article X Collective security: member nations will go to other member nations to protect if they involve themselves in war Republicans disagree with collective security; says US must put qualifications on League of Nations October 1919, Wilson’s Speaking Tour/Stroke:- Wilson refuses to compromise League of Nations to Lodge’s proposal- Tries to persuade Americans to convince senators to pass treaty- Wilson had lost touch with American people—most were tired of the war and didn’tcare about the League of Nations- Wilson has a stroke during tour, which incapacitated him thru the rest of his term- Uneducated wife takes control over Wilson- Wilson remained adamant for no changes to League of Nations- Final vote assures no League of Nations 1920, “Great and Solemn Referendum”:- Democrats lose so there is no League of Nations- Treaty of Versailles is signed with Germany - “ Won the War, Lost the Peace”- Set stage for