HIST 2112 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (August 15) End of Civil War, Start of ReconstructionWhat were the different approaches to the Reconstruction of the Confederate states? What were the main issues in national politics in the 1870s? To what extent did blacks function as citizens in the reconstructed south? How did white southern respond to the end of the old order in the south? Why did Reconstruction end in 1877?In 1860, Lincoln was elected and three years later he implemented his 10% plan. Unlike the Radical Republicans, Lincoln did not want to persecute southerners or restructure southern society. Therefore, when the Radical Republicans proposed the Wade-Davis Bill to counteract Lincoln’s 10% plan, Lincoln pocket vetoes it. In January of 1865, the speedy ratification by North before the South re-entered into the union, allowed the 13th Amendment to be passed, banning involuntary servitude. Congress also creates the Freedmen’s Bureau to distribute food and supplies, create schools, and grant land to former slaves and poor whites. This brings about the new idea of government assistance. At the end of the Civil War, when General Lee surrenders, a popular stage actor, who was sympathetic to the secessionist south, shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. Thus, Vice President Andrew Johnson, a Democrat from Tennessee, became president.Andrew Johnson disliked southern planter elite, but consistently veto Radical Republicans attempts to punish them, because he disliked them even more. Johnson was intoxicated on Inauguration day, he denies Ex-Confederates seats to Congress, and in a way, had a racist point of view that former slaves should not have rights like whites, and even vetoes the Freedmen’s Bureau extension. He continually increases tension between radicals and himself. Since the Freedmen’s Bureau was not extended, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing all citizenship to all Americans regardless of race (except Native Americans). Johnson tries to veto this bill, but Congress overrides him.Meanwhile, the south instates Black Codes, to counter the civil rights bill and attempt to regain slave control. The laws made it difficult for blacks to compete for “white” jobs, outlawed interracial marriage, though it did recognized black marriages and property ownership to black males.After passing the Civil Rights Act, Congress passes the 14th Amendment, which becomes a requirement for states for readmission to the Union, so, “no state could abridge the privileges and immunities of citizenship or deprive any person of life, liberty, property without due process of law or deny any person equal protection of the law.”Johnson goes on speaking tour campaign for candidates. Johnson places blame of angry southerners on the Radical Republicans in Congress. In 1866, the first Reconstruction Act passed over the veto of Johnson. This Act divided the southinto 5 military governments, each under the direction of a presidentially-appointed military commander. Within each district, military governments’ could establish law. Former Confederates were not allowed to vote, but slaves could vote. Radical republicans started to devise a plan to get rid of Johnson.Lecture 2 (August 20) Reconstructing the SouthIn 1867, the Tenure of Office Act is passed, which prohibits Johnson from removing cabinet officers without Senate’s consent. It was enacted by Congress to protect Secretary of War EdwinStanton, the solitary Radical Republican in Johnson’s cabinet. However, Johnson goes against Congress and removes Stanton anyway.Since Johnson has created such tension between himself and Congress, in 1868, there is an attempt to impeach Johnson. He is accused of misdemeanors and other crimes. However, it comes down to a single vote in House of Representatives. Johnson remains in office, but loses all power. Tennessee is back in the Union.Grant is elected in 1868, and he replaces Johnson and is Commander in Chief of the Union. However, his administration suffered by his military presence. He gained support from black voters and Radicals holding power during this time.1869, the 15TH Amendment is passed (takes effect in 1870) stating states cannot discriminate based on “Race, color or previous condition of servitude.” Voting Rights Act of 1965 preclearance provision: states can still set voting requirements, but not on race, HOWEVER, this still does not include women and Indians.“FORTY ACRES AND A MULE” was the slogan for radicals and free slaves. The Union intended to provide land to former slaves; however, it was a cruel expectation from the government. Johnson quickly resented it and the idea never went anywhere; it questioned property rights infringement. Thus, slaves get only freedom out of reconstruction, NO economic independence.Carpetbaggers and Scalawags:- Carpetbaggers: Northerners who came down for economic opportunities- Scalawags: white southerners who went radicalBoth exploited situation of newly freed slaves.KU KLUX KLAN was founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest, a general and former slave trader. Theypursued violence to intimidate blacks and republicans from voting or running in elections.Grant Scandals:Grantism became a term for corruption, because Grant would persecute everyone to fullest extent, except his friends.Black Friday Panic (1869)Black Friday Panic was a conspiracy by bankers Jim Frisk and Jay Gould to corner the gold market. They bought up as much gold as they could to control the price and indirectly drove the price up. Essentially, they controlled the economic destiny of the US. As a response, Grant releases the government’s gold reserve, which stopped Fisk and Gould, but created economic instability by lowering the value of the dollarWhisky Ring (1875)Diverted a federal tax on whiskey, which affected government revenuePanic of 1873Republicans were blamed for the panic (or depression). Germans no longer use silver, which hitsUS silver industry and devalues silver. Government decides to gives people land with intent for railroad companies. Railroad bonds were being frantically bought, which caused banks to overextend and collapse, since railroads were not being built. When Jay Cooke and Company, the largest bank in US, collapsed, the dependent smaller banks collapsed as well. Bank failures, business collapses, unemployment all contribute to the Republican party being undermined, which is why