HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. D-Day II. Battle of the Bulge (Nov.-Dec. 1944)III. February, 1945, Concessions to Stalin in Eastern EuropeIV. May 7, 1945V. Potsdam, July-August 1945VI. Atomic Bomb Outline of Current Lecture VII. “Iron Curtain”: Churchill 1946 SpeechVIII. 1947, Greek CrisisIX. 1948, Marshall PlanX. Division of GermanyXI. 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)XII. Fall of ChinaXIII. Korea is DividedCurrent LectureThe Cold War “Iron Curtain”: Churchill 1946 Speech- Countries were becoming war-weary (four years at war…)- Soviet Union gained buffer states in Eastern Europe- Soviet has built themselves an “Iron Curtain”- Churchill used the phrase “iron curtain” to describe the ideological divide growing between the Soviet Union and the Western powersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Concern with Soviets trying to take over all of Europe (didn’t want another case of Hitler and World War) 1947, Greek Crisis:- “Containment” –George Kennan’s writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the U.S.foreign policy of "containing" the Soviet Union- Soviet Union was trying to take over Greece- The United States would not withdraw back to the Western Hemisphere as it had after World War I- From then on, the U.S. actively engaged any communist threats anywhere in the globe under the ostensible causes of "freedom", "democracy" and "human rights”- The U.S. brandished its role as the leader of the "free world." Meanwhile, the Soviet Union brandished its position as the leader of the "progressive" and "anti-imperialist" camp- “Communist ideals would continue to spread, until met with a force” US needed to adopt a policy of “containment” to contain communist expansion- Truman Doctrine Massive aid directly to Greek government US promised to assist all states in subverting communist invasion or ideals- US still has the upper hand with A-bomb However, people in poverty were still likely to adopt communism 1948, Marshall Plan:- A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall- Spent $13 billion for the economic revival of Europe (and primary trading partners)- Countries given credits to buy US goods- Stimulates US economy- If Stalin tries expanding more, the assistance given by US to Germany will be enough to allow Germany to prevent the Soviet expansion- Soviet’s try to make their own economic revival plan—but it doesn’t work Instead they steal infrastructures of other countries Russians seize Czech Division of Germany:- Eisenhower decided Russians could capture Berlin; they got it and stayed post-war- Post-war Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation: US, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union- Berlin is a divided city in a divided country: Berlin Blockade (1948) One of the first major international crises of the Cold War During the multinational occupation of post–WWII Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone tostart supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city However, in response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlif to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin Aircrews from the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the South African Air Force flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing up to 4700 tons of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the Berliners By the spring of 1949, the effort was clearly succeeding and, by April, the airlift was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail The success of the Berlin Airlift brought embarrassment to the Sovietswho had refused to believe it could make a difference The blockade was lifted in May 1949 and resulted in the creation of two separate German states: the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) split up Berlin 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):- Western European countries joined to defend from potential Soviet Union takeover- Committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4 April 1949- Givers US large troop presence in Eastern Europe- Russia gets A-bomb Russia is now leveling US’s advantage Fall of China:- Chiang Kai-shek (had been an Ally in WWII) was struggling with communist force, Mao Tse Tung- Communist factions became great threats to the rule of Kai-shek; Kai-shek was unpopular - When the Japanese military took control of Manchuria, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong still battled, even when forming a temporary alliance in order to eradicate their common enemy- Shifted US focus to Asia because of Communism Korea is Divided:- Was a Japanese colony until after war- North KoreaCommunist; South KoreaDemocracy- Separated by the 38 parallel of latitude- A lot of border tension- Stalin has advanced into South Korea - US gets United Nations support to repel the invasion Sends General Dough MacArthur Moved past containment into liberation US heads even further North, pas the 38 parallelo Cautioned: “going to far” Chinese prisonersChinese became involved with North Korea counterattacko Chinese became involved because they wanted to preserve North Korea as a communist state Eisenhower negotiates an agreement that reestablishes the line between North and South Korea (basically the 38