HIST 2112 1ST Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I.End of ReconstructionII. UrbanizationIII. ImmigrantsIV. Industrial Revolutiona. Too much increase?V. RebatesVI. Interstate CommerceVII. Trusts Outline of Current Lecture I.RockefellerII.Political Cartoons/National Public CirculationsIII.Sherman Antitrust ActIV.Protective TarifV.National Labor Uniona.Knights of LaborVI.ANARCHISTVII.Strikes break outVIII.American Federation of LaborCurrent Lecture8/29/13: The Workers’ Struggle During the Industrial Revolution Rockefeller- Got into oil refining (1879)- Vertical integration- Controlled 90% of refining capacity in US- Forms Standard Oil Trust (1882) Political Cartoons/National Public CirculationsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Provided connections across nation- Rallying public opinion against big, corrupt corporations 1890: Sherman Antitrust Act-Any businesses that combined in order to choke out competition was illegal if in restraint of trade- Congress was hesitant to pass because industry leaders ofer support to political parties- Didn’t has as large of an efect as assumed- Details: “in restraint of trade” Not specific No standards, no solid meaning Ex. 1895 US V. EC Knighto Controlled 95% of sugar processing and refining industry in USo In violation of act, buto Processing and refining is NOT considered TRADE by court Protective Tarif- Tax on imported goods- Protection from international competition- Prices go up, no one buys- Allows Americans to raise prices as well- Stimulates domestic economy- Export economy and farmers sufer 1866: National Labor Union- An association of Unions who demanded better wages and working conditions- Formed out of spite of big competitions- Tried to created leverage between workers and owners- Unions inefective in economic panic 1869: Knights of Labor- Labor Union that was in favor of everything good- Believed everyone should be equal- Brought workers together- Agenized for standard work day of 8 hours- Open to everyone except lawyers, bankers, gamblers, and alcohol dealers- Had contrasting needs and worries because of diversity of workers- Created discord because it was too idealistic ANARCHIST- Belief in NO government control- Blanket term for political radicals (such as communists, socialists)- Brought by new immigration- Fond of bombing 1886: Haymarket Riot- Attempt at national strike- Peaceful strike with McCormick plant in Chicago- But then an unknown person threw a bomb at police- Police and demonstrators both killed- Seals notion of labor unions as threats of national interest- Blamed on Knights of Labor 1892: Homestead Strike- Homestead Steel plant- Operated by Carnegie- Carnegie reduced wages- Strike ensues- Company brings in Pinkertons (head of first secret service)- Workers attack Pinkertons- Pinkertons retreat - Governor sends in National Guard- National Guard breaks strike with more force- Dismal defeat for the workers 1894: Pullman Strike- Pullman, Illinois- A company town (workers lived of company land) - High-end railroad car makers- 25% wage cut and increase in housing cost- Workers go on strike- Eugene v. Debs- American Railway Union joins strike- Railroads shut down, no mail- President Grover Cleveland (a former railroad lawyer) brings in US Army to operate trains- Which broke the strike 1886: American Federation of Labor- Established out of massive strike breakouts- Led by Samuel Gompers- Former head of Cigar Union- Organized for people with enough skill that companies could not function without them- Prototype for labor-movement for 20th century- Not trying to reform, just rallying for fair wagesIt was not given that the government had to act in people’s daily lives. The government had to increase their involvement as tension heightened between workers, businesses, and other facets of the