H_D 101 1nd Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture 1. Body growth a. Rapid growth b. Growth slows c. Growth spurtsd. Epiphyses 2. Growth differences a. Male/femaleb. Ethnicc. Individual rate 3. Growth trendsa. Cephalo- caudal b. Proximal-distal 4. General health: a. Immunization b. Illnessc. SIDS5. Assessing growth and development a. Growth b. Development c. Regular well baby check ups 1. Brain growth and nutritionOutline of Current Lecture 1. Brain development: a. Cellsb. Synapses c. Hemisphere d. Brain plasticity e. Shaken baby syndrome f. Head- sparing 2. Lateralization of the cerebral cortex a. Left Hemisphere b. Right hemisphere 3. Brain plasticity These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Changing states of Arousal a. Sleep b. Bedtime routine c. Nightmares/sleepwalking d. Bedwetting 5. Influences on early growth a. Heredity b. Nutritionc. Malnutritiond. Emotional well-being 6. Benefits of breast-feeding7. Food and nutrition a. Breast milk/ formulab. Solid food c. Honey, eggs, and peanuts d. Whole milke. Regular foodf. Foods to avoid 8. Emotional well-being a. Non-logical failure to thrive 9. Imitation 10. Motor developmenta. Gross-motor skills b. Fine- motor skills c. Sequence Current Lecture1. Brain development: a. Cells: - Neurons: specialized cells of the nervous system- basic units in the brain - Dendrites: allows neurons to receive input from other neurons (looks like a tree)b. Synapses: connections between neurons- Increases brain weight - Transient exuberance- rapid dendrite increases (number)- Pruning (can start at age 8, but normally does not) - redundant, unused c. Hemisphere: left and right halves of the brain d. Brain plasticity: extent to which the brain organization is flexible e. Shaken baby syndrome: when baby is shaken, playfully or harmfully, brain hits the front, back, or sides of the skull making the brain burses depending on the amount of force applied.f. Head- sparing: the brain is the last part of the body to be effected in the event of malnutrition2. Lateralization of the cerebral cortex a. Left Hemisphere:- Controls right side of the body - Verbal abilities- Positive emotions - Sequential and analytical processing- smaller focus b. Right hemisphere:- Controls left side of the body - Special ability - Negative emotion- Holistic, integrated processing- big picture 3. Brain plasticity: - In infants and young children, parts of the brain are not specialized - Language tend to recover from brain injury better, but there still may be some problems with more complex mental skills - Older children, even adults, show some plasticity 4. Changing states of Arousal a. Sleep: - Sleep declines from 18 to 12 hrs by the age of 2- Affected by cultural/social environment b. Bedtime routine: important for stability c. Nightmares/sleepwalkingd. Bedwetting:- Normal for early potty training children (age 3 usually)- Nocturnal enuresis: happens in 10-15% of children, up to 13 years old these children do not have fully mature bladders, or are very hard sleepers. Usually outgrow this.5. Influences on early growth a. Heredity b. Nutrition:- Breast vs. bottle feeding c. Malnutritiond. Emotional well-being: - Problems can cause nonorganic failure to thrive (talked about later in notes)6. Benefits of breast-feeding- For 4-6 month olds, this is the best source of food- Provides correct blend of protein and fat- Ensures nutritional completeness- Helps ensure healthy physical growth - Protects against many diseases7. Food and nutrition a. Solid food:- Rice cereal, fruits, veggies (begin with solid food at about 6 months, but this varies from child to child)- Introduce foods one at a time to make sure child is not allergic to a specific food. b. Honey, eggs, and peanuts: avoid until one year because many people are allergic to these foods. c. Whole milk: once off of breast milk or formula, give them whole milk because it has lots of fat in it d. Regular food: should be able to eat most “regular foods” at 1 yeare. Foods to avoid: grapes, hot dogs, peanut butter, balloons (not that you are eating these, just avoid them), hard candy 8. Emotional well-being a. Non-logical failure to thrive: - Symptoms: wasted condition of body - No biological cause - Can be corrected if caught early - Can cause death 9. Imitation: - Newborns have the ability to imitate – is it a reflex or voluntary?- Mirror neurons offer a biological explanation - Powerful means of learning - Helps facilitate positive relationships 10. Motor developmenta. Gross-motor skills: crawling, standing, walking b. Fine- motor skills: reaching, grasping c. Sequence: sequence is fairly uniform, though individual rats of motor progression