H_D 101 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture:1. Types of developmenta. Physical developmentb. Cognitive developmentc. Social/emotional developmentd. Life cycle 2. 3 recurring issues in the world of human development:a. Nature vs. nurtureb. Continuity vs. discontinuityc. Universal vs. context-specific3. Theories of Human developmenta. Background information on theoriesb. Psychoanalytic theoryc. Psychosexual theoryd. Psychosocial theorye. Behaviorism/ learning theory4. Types for reinforcement and their effects on developmenta. Positive reinforcementb. Negative reinforcement c. PunishmentOutline of Current Lecture:1. Social learning 2. Cognitive theories a. Piaget: 4 major stages3. Information processing theory a. Kohlberg 4. Evolutionary development psychology 5. Sociocultural theory a. Vygotsky 6. Life course perspective7. What theories contribute to society 8. Conducting and evaluating research studies a. Why?b. Scientific method 9. Scientific method These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Process of scientific methodCurrent Lecture1. Social learning: Started with researcher Albert Bandura. Looks at influence of others over our behavior. 2 examples: #1: modeling: mimicking behavior of others. #2: self-efficacy: belief that one is able to change him/herself.2. Cognitive theories: - Development of thinking and problem-solving skills over time - Scientist who studied in this field: Piaget a. Piaget: though theory developed in 1820, many parts are still used today. Theory was that children actively construct knowledge (continuous development). 4 major stages: - Sensorimotor: (birth-18 months) phase of development where children are testing out their motor skills - Preoperational: (preschool) phase of development where children of this age group have their own special way of thinking. This stage of development has a hard time with the concept of “what if?”, unless the “what if” question is connected to something they know.- Concrete operation: (elementary school) phase of development where concepts and ideas become clear, general learning takes place here. - Formal operation: (adolescence) stage or development where you are able to think in deductive/hypothetical ways.3. Information processing theories: - Theories state that the mind is like a computer, which gets upgrades at different stages In life.- Focus: analyze storage, retrieval of information, process that makes retrieval of information possible (selective attention, memory skills, processing, knowledge, metacognition: long term memory vs. short term memory) a. Kohlberg: - Based his theories on piaget’s perspective- Theory was on moral development: different levels of thinking about moral issues, and when they occur during development. Some people may stop at different stages because of life events, these people may have a hard time understanding what is immoral vs. moral.4. Evolutionary development psychology- Scientists who studies in this field: John Bowlby and Charles Darwin - Theory states that there are sensitive periods in development: example: attachment: infant to parent, bonding: parent to child.5. Sociocultural theory: (nurture) theory states Human development results from dynamic interaction between developing person and their surrounding environment.a. Vygotsky: scientist who believed that a developing person needs interactions with other people to learn.- Believed that thinking does not occur in a vacuum- Believed that developing person needs to understand culture so knowledge and skills will be relevant.- Believed development is an apprenticeship, one works with a skilled teacher to develop: skilled teachers: parents, siblings, peers, educational teacher.- Guided participation: helping children while still letting them learn - Scaffolding: giving children amount of help they need to accomplish given task, then easing off when the child is ready. - Zone proximal development: Difference between what children can do with help, and what they can do on their own. 6. Life course perspective: - Not a theory - Describes ways in which generations experience the physical, psychological, and social/emotional forces of development in their respective historical context.7. What theories contribute: - No single theory fully explains the behavior of humans through their life span- Most developmental scientists- prefer eclectic perspective 8. Conducting and evaluating research studies: a. Why?- In order to learn more about population: Example: what characteristics relateto job choice?- In order to study phenomenon: example: how do people take care of each other after a disaster?- In order to evaluate programs: example: how effective is a non-bullying program that is implicated be students rather than teachers?9. Scientific method: a. Process of scientific method: - Formulated research question- Develop hypotheses/ design study (collect data) - Test hypotheses (observation, experimentation, interview)- Analyze/draw conclusion - Report