H_D 101 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Human development theoriesa. Replicationb. Reliability c. Validityd. Generalization e. Usefulness2. Human development research methoda. Systematic observation b. Self-report c. Case studyd. Ethnography 3. Human development research designs a. Correlation b. Cross-section c. Longitudinal d. Experimente. Sequential 4. Human development Research samplea. Demographics b. Special population c. Random sample d. Convince sample 5. Human development cautions a. Correlation vs. causation b. Quantitative vs. qualitative c. Research ethics 6. Communicating and utilizing Human development test results: a. Research journal b. Professional presentation c. Social policy d. Education These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Outline of Current Lecture :1. Genotype and phenotype a. Genotype b. Phenotype 2. Genetic foundation a. Chromosomesb. Genesc. DNA3. Chromosomes, cells, and sex cell terminologya. Autosomes b. Sex chromosomes c. Gametes d. Zygotes 4. Twins a. Fraternal/dizygotic b. Identical/monozygotic5. Inheritancea. Dominant b. Recessive6. Chromosomal abnormalitiesa. Downs syndrome b. Sex chromosome abnormalities7. Genetic consolinga. General information b. What it helps couples do c. Recommended when? Current Lecture1. Genotype and phenotype a. Genotype: genetic make-up of an individual b. Phenotype: observable characteristic of a person2. Genetic foundation a. Chromosomes: store and transmit genetic information.b. Genes: segment of DNA located along chromosomes.c. DNA: substance which genes and chromosomes are made from.3. Chromosomes, cells, and sex cell terminologye. Autosomes: 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes a. Sex chromosomes: 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of the baby. XX:female, XY: male. b. Gametes: sex cells: sperm and ova c. Zygotes: sperm/ovum united.4. Twins a. Fraternal/dizygotic: two different eggs are fertilized at the same time.b. Identical/monozygotic: zygote splits into two. 5. Inheritancea. Dominant: single dominant gene strongly influenced be phenotype.b. Recessive: gene that does not usually present itself unless both parents are a carrier of the gene.6. Chromosomal abnormalitiesa. Downs syndrome: is a result of a problem with the 21st chromosome. Chances of baby being born with this syndrome increase as age of the mother increases.b. Sex chromosome abnormalities: result of problems with the X or Y chromosome.7. Genetic consolinga. General information: - Normally done before a couple becomes pregnant.- Parents with child with serious defect may want to get tested in order to see ifanother child will also be defective.- Family history can take effect if there are carriers of a certain disease in genetic history. - Same ethnic group can have similar birth defects and may want to be tested. Example: Africans and cycle cell disease.b. What it helps couples do: - Assess chances of hereditary disease- Choose best course of action - Assess risks of birth ( how long will child live)- Family goals: are you going to terminate your fetus if it is defective? Will you try to get pregnant if you are a carrier of a disease? c. Recommended when? - Couples have difficulties such as miscarriage, or problems getting pregnant- Women over the age of 35- People who are aware of a history of genetic