H_D 101 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Social learning 2. Cognitive theories 3. Piageta. 4 major stages 4. Information processing theory 5. Koglberg 6. Evolutionary development psychology 7. Sociocultural theory a. Vygotsky 8. Life course perspective9. What theories contribute to society 10. Conducting and evaluating research studies a. Why?b. Scientific method Outline of Current Lecture1. Human development theoriesa. Replicationb. Reliability c. Validityd. Generalization e. Usefulness2. Human development research methoda. Systematic observation b. Self-report These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Case studyd. Ethnography 3. Human development research designs a. Correlation b. Cross-section c. Longitudinal d. Experimente. Sequential 4. Human development Research samplea. Demographics b. Special population c. Random sample d. Convince sample 5. Human development cautions a. Correlation vs. causation b. Quantitative vs. qualitative c. Research ethics 6. Communicating and utilizing Human development test results: a. Research journal b. Professional presentation c. Social policy d. EducationCurrent Lecture1. Human development theories: a. Replication: the repetition of a scientific study. Science builds on science. b. Reliability: consistent measure of a characteristic.c. Validity: is valid, study results mean what the researchers think they do.d. Generalization: is applicable beyond the study. e. Usefulness: research solves real world problems. 2. Human development research methoda. Systematic observation: method in which researchers observe ad record behavioral objectivity. Two types: Naturalistic (situations occurring naturally in the world, and being observed), and Structured (set up environment where researchers observe a situation).b. Self-report: series of interviews and questions asked to individuals. Usually calls for test subjects to remember the events of a past day. Problems with this method: test subjects may have trouble remembering the events of a past day, or may unconsciously be untruthful because they think he study wants a specific result.) example of type of study: food diary. c. Case study: Intensive study of one individual, often multiple sources of data/ information. Diagnosis can occur over long or short period of time depending on individual case. Information found in these studies cannot be generalized because study is done on specific individual.d. Ethnography: observation of specific culture or social group.3. Human development research designs a. Correlation: observing relationship between two phenomena.b. Cross-section: Observation of group of people varying in age at one point in time. Pros: less expensive, cons: may not be accurate because interview only takes place once.c. Longitudinal: observation of people of varying ages, interviewed at multiple times in their lives. Pros: more accurate because people are observed at 1 point, for x number of years, cons: takes lots of time and money, patients are more likely to dropout, or die during the observation because it is over an extended period of time.d. Experiment: Observed while circumstances are carefully controlled. Example: Placebo Pill, Double-blind survey. e. Sequential: Combines above design, 2 groups over time. 4. Human development Research samplea. Demographics: factors such as age, income level, type/place of residence, school size.b. Special population: a population of special qualities. Example: children with special needs.c. Random sample: sample that is randomd. Convince sample: surveyor take samples form a convenient place, such as a school classroom. 5. Human development cautions a. Correlation vs. causation: 1. Correlation: looks at relationship between variables as they exist naturally in the world. Does not tell you what causes what. 2. Causation: where one variable causes a response in another. Does tell you what causes what. b. Quantitative vs. qualitative: 1. Quantitative data: can be categorized, ranked or numbered. Cons: it is difficult to get valid data. 2. Qualitative: Description of phenomenon, not easily translated to numbers. Cons: type of study is vulnerable to bias, and is hard to replicate.c. Research ethics: 7 main points: Protect from harm, informed consent, confidentiality,knowledge of results, deception, deliberate falsification of data, and bias. 6. Communicating and utilizing Human development test results:a. Research journal: publication of findings should go to research journals such as: text books, press articles, and news reports.b. Professional presentation: findings should be presented to universities, or professional organizations.c. Social policy: findings of studies can influence difference social policies. Example: study on child obesity may lead to new policy on what schools can serve for lunch.d. Education: findings may influence what is taught in