H_D 101 1nd Edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture 1. Characteristics of sexually active adolescence a. Personal b. Family c. Peerd. Education2. Adolescence substance abusers a. Compared to experiments3. Piaget’s theory: Formal operation sages a. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning b. Propositional thought 4. Follow-up research on formal operation a. School aged children start developing abstract thinking skills b. Formal operation may not be universal 5. Consequences of abstract thought a. Self-consciousness and self-focusing b. Idealism and criticism c. Planning and decision making 6. School transitions in adolescence a. Grades decline with each transition b. Low self-esteem 7. Supporting academic achievement 8. Drop-out prevention 9. Erikson’s theory: identity vs. role confusion a. Identity b. Role confusion 10. Self-esteem in adolescence 11. Identity statuses 12. Factors that affect identity development Outline of Current Lecture 1. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development a. Preconvention level b. Conventional level c. Post conventional/ principle level 2. Gilligan’s stages a. Stage 1These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 3. Sex differences in moral reasoning a. Kohlberg b. Gilligan 4. Gender intensification in adolescence 5. Parent-child relationships in adolescence a. Autonomy b. Authoritative parenting 6. Characteristics of adolescent friendships a. Best friendsb. Stress on c. Friends are similar, or get more similar 7. Risk of close friendships 8. Benefits of adolescent friendships9. Cliques and crowds a. Cliques b. Crowds 10. Dating problems a. Too early dating b. For homosexuals 11. Depression in adolescence 12. Adolescent suicide Current Lecture1. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development a. Preconvention level: - Stage 1: punishment and obedience - Stage 2: instrumental purpose b. Conventional level: - Stage 3: “good girl/boy” (morality or interpersonal cooperation) - Stage 4: social-order-maintaining c. Post conventional/ principle level: - Stage 5: social contract - Stage 6: universal ethical principle 2. Gilligan’s stagesa. Stage 1: - Egocentric concern for health (survival mode)b. Stage 2: - Concern: pleasing others c. Stage 3: - Integration of needs of self and others 3. Sex differences in moral reasoninga. Kohlberg: - Theory deals with rights and justice - Males score higher than females b. Gilligan: - Theory deals with caring for others - Females score higher than males 4. Gender intensification in adolescence: - Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior - Biological social, cognitive factors - More in early adolescence declines in middle to late adolescence 5. Parent-child relationships in adolescence a. Autonomy: - Deidealize parents - Look to peers for guidance b. Authoritative parenting: - Balance autonomy with morality- Extra challenging during adolescence 6. Characteristics of adolescent friendships a. Best friends: tend to have fewer, maybe 2-3b. Stress on: - Intimacy, loyalty, closeness, trust, self-disclosure c. Friends are similar, or get more similar: - Identity status- Aspirations - Politics - Deviant behavior 7. Risk of close friendships: - Corumination - Relational aggression- more with girls - Victimization form online only friends 8. Benefits of adolescent friendships:- Opportunities to explore self - Form deep understanding of another- Provides foundation for future intimate relationships - Help with attitude towards and involvement in school 9. Cliques and crowds: a. Cliques: - Small groups: 5-7- Good friends - Identify by interest, social status b. Crowds: - Larger: several cliques- Membership based on reputation based, stereotype 10. Dating problems a. Too early dating:- Drug use, sex, delinquency- Poor academics - Difficult family and peer relationships b. For homosexuals: - Difficulty finding partners - Peer harassment, rejection 11. Depression in adolescence: - Most common psychological problem in adolescence 15-20%- Twice as many girls as boys - Factors: school, home life, friends, biological factors, drugs 12. Adolescent suicide: - Factors: gender, ethnicity, mental disorder, life stress, personality type, temperament, sexual orientation, family