H_D 101 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Development Study2. Triangle of Development3. Ecological and systematic approaches4. Bronfenbrenner ecological modela. Microsystemb. Mesosystemc. Exosystemd. Macrosysteme. Chronosystem5. Characteristics of development6. Aspects of contexta. Cohort b. Culturec. Social Clockd. Normative history-graded influencese. Normative age-grade influencesf. Normative sociocultural-graded influencesg. Non-normative life events7. Types of developmenta. Physical developmentb. Cognitive developmentOutline of Current Lecture: 1. Types of developmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Physical developmentb. Cognitive developmentc. Social/emotional developmentd. Life cycle 2. 3 recurring issues in the world of human development:a. Nature vs. nurtureb. Continuity vs. discontinuityc. Universal vs. context-specific3. Theories of Human developmenta. Background information on theoriesb. Psychoanalytic theoryc. Psychosexual theoryd. Psychosocial theorye. Behaviorism/ learning theory4. Types for reinforcement and their effects on developmenta. Positive reinforcementb. Negative reinforcement c. PunishmentCurrent Lecture1. Types of development:a. Physical development: physical growth/change. Social/cultural issues can affect physical development. Example: growth of brain, and need for food.b. Cognitive development: Mental process used to obtain knowledge and become aware of environment.c. Social/emotional development: social, emotional, and personal development. Influences on this development include: family, school, community, culture and society.d. Life cycle forces (NOT A MAIN TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT BUT STILL IMPORTANT): Difference in how same event affects people of different ages. Example: college, marriage, having children. Two types, normative: what you would expect to happen (example: going to college after high school), and non-normative: what you wouldn’t expect to happen (example: going to college as a 60 year old).2. 3 recurring issues in the world of human development:a. Nature vs. nurture: (nature: biological development, nurture: your development environment). To what degree do genetics influences (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) determine the type of person you are? (does one (nature or nurture) have a greater effect on your development?)b. Continuity vs. discontinuity: is development a smooth progression through life (continuous), or is development a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuous)?c. Universal vs. context-specific: is there one path of development in which everyone follows (universal), or several paths in which each individual will follow (context-specific)?3. Theories of Human developmenta. Background information on theories: Development theory: a statement of principles and generalizations about a development topic. Theories are the framework for understanding why people change overtime. What we what theories to do: describe, explain, and predict.b. Psychoanalytic theory: states that development is a dynamic process influenced by inborn biological drives and unconscious social and emotional experiences. Looks at both nature and nurture.c. Psychosexual theory: created by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes importance of parents’ management of their child’s sexual drives. Theory also states human development stops at the end of adolescence. Five stages of development: 1. Oral- young babies often put everything in their mouths. 2. Anal- potty training period. 3. Latency- elementary years when girls had “cooties” and boys were “gross”. 4. Genital- adolescence when girls and boys start to become attracted to each other.d. Psychosocial theory: created by Erik Erikson, a scholar of Freud. Eight stages:- Trust vs. mistrust: (birth-1 year) from warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or confidence that their world is good. Mistrust occurs when have to wait too long for comfort and are handled harshly.- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: (1-3 years) Using new mental and motor skills, children want to choose and decide for themselves. Parents can foster autonomy by permitting reasonable choice and not forcing or shaming the child when the child makes a mistake.- Initiative vs. guilt: (3-6 years) Initiative- a sense of ambition and responsibility- develops when parents support their child’s new sense of purpose. When parents demand too much self-control, they induce excessive guilt.- Industry vs. inferiority: (6-11 years) At school, children develop the capacity to work and cooperate with others. Inferiority develops when negative experiencesat home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence.- Identity vs. role confusion: (Adolescence) Adolescent tries to answer questions, who am I, and what is my place in society? By exploring values and goals, young person forms a sense of personal identity. Negative conclusion is confusion about future adult roles.- Intimacy vs. isolation: (Early adulthood) young people work on establishing ties to each other. Because of their disappointments, some individuals cannot form close relationships and remain isolated.- Generative vs. stagnation: (middle adulthood) Middle aged adults contribute to the next generation by child rearing, caring for other people, or productive work. The person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaning or accomplishment.- Integrity vs. despair: (late adulthood) Elders reflect upon the kind of person they have been. Integrity results from feeling like their life was worth living. Those who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death.4. Types for reinforcement and their effects on developmenta. Positive reinforcement: positive reward that follows a behavior. This type of reinforcement increases probability of event occurring again.b. Negative reinforcement: preforming behavior to stop an unpleasant behavior. This type of reinforcement increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated should the unpleasant stimulus recur. c. Punishment: Unpleasant event that follows a