PSYCH 265 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. Classes of hallucinogens II. Serotonergic hallucinogens III. Religious hallucinogens IV. Modern eraV. Albert hofmannVI. LSD drug actionVII. EffectsVIII. Toxic effectsIX. Long term effectsX. DMTXI. mescalineOutline of Current Lecture I. methylated amphetamines II. MDMAIII. Drug actions of MDMAIV. Effects of MDMAV. Long term effects of MDMAVI. Toxic effects of MDMAVII. Addiction liability of MDMAVIII. Anticholinergic hallucinationsIX. Anticholinergic drug actionX. Effects of anticholinergic deliriants XI. Anticholinergic side effectsXII. Dissociative anesthetics XIII. Effects of PCPXIV. Long lasting effects of PCPXV. ketamineCurrent Lecture-Methylated Amphetamines oMethamphetamine o2,5-dimethoxy-4methylamphetamine (STP)o3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)o3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-MDMAoSynthetic amphetamine derivative sold as small pill (ecstasy) or pure powder in capsules (molly)oMolly is slang for molecular crystalline powder form or MDMA theoretically pureoBoth may be adulterer with other chemicals including Ketamine GHBAmphetamineCaffeine oMDMA has stimulant qualities of amphetamines & hallucinogenic qualities of mescaline -Drug actions of MDMAoPhysiological effectsStimulation of neuronal release of norepi and dopamine oPsychological effectsInhibition of neuronal reuptake of 5HT -Effects of MDMAoOnset of action 30-45 min oDuration of action 3-5 hroAcute effectsRelaxation, high energy, euphoria, increased confidence, enhanced sensory perception, greater sociability, visual hallucinations oNegative effectsJaw clenching, anxiety, paranoia, insomnia, dry mouth, increased body temp, constant restless movement of legs-Long term psychiatric effects of MDMAoMental & behavioral problems that outlast the actual drug experience by months or yearsDifficulty concentrating & retaining new infoImpairment of decision making (executive function)Greater impulsivity, lack of self control Recurrent paranoia, hallucinations, depersonalization, flashbacks, psychosis Depression, suicidal ideation -Toxic effects of MDMAoReleasing large amounts of serotonin MDMA causes brain to become depleted of serotonin, which contributes to negative behavioral aftereffects that users often experience for several days after taking MDMAoChronic MDMA causes damage to serotonin neurons (as much as 50-80% in regional brain levels of 5HT)-Addiction liability of MDMAoAppears to not be physically addictive as much as other drugsoSome reports of physiological dependence but may be more psychological addiction oWith repeated use, negative effects tend to be more prominent and beneficial or pleasurable ones less so-Anticholinergic hallucinationsoNaturally occurring in many plants worldwideoPlants containing anticholinergic (mainly atropine & scopolamine) include Deadly nightshade (atropa belladonna)Mandrake (mandragora officinarum)Henbane (hyoscyamus niger)Jimson weed (datura stramonium)oUsed recreationally, medically, spiritually and poisons -Anticholinergic drug action -Effects of anticholinergic deliriants oLow doses produce AmnesiaFatigueMental confusion Dreamless sleep Loss of attention oHigh doses produceHallucinationsToxic psychosis DeliriumMental confusionLoss of attention DrowsinessLoss of memory or recent eventsParalysis of respiratory system Coma Death -Anticholinergic side effectsoHot as a hareHyperthermia oBlind as a batMydriasis and cycloplegiaoDry as a boneDry mouthDry eyesDecreased sweatoRed as a beetFlushed faceoMad as a hatterDelirium-Dissociative anesthetics oCause distortion of user's perceptions of sight & sound & create feelings of detachment (dissociation) from environment and self oMechanism is antagonism of glutamate-sensitive NMDA receptors & possibly inhibition of dopamine reuptake oDrugsPhencyclidine Ketamine Dextromethorphan Nitrous oxide (N2O)-Effects of phencyclidine (PCP)oLow dose (3-5 mg)EuphoriaRelaxationNumbnessSensory distortions Feelings of detachment Illogical speech Blurred vision Blank stare oMedium dose (5-10mg)Confusion AgitationAnalgesia FeverExcessive salivation Schizophrenic type behavior Reports of incredible strength and extreme violent behavior oHigh dose (>10mg)SeizuresRespiratory failure Coma Fever Death -Long lasting effects of PCPoSchizophrenia-like psychotic reaction Flattened affectDissociative thought disorderDepersonalization Catatonic states oFlashbacks oAmnesiaoDifficulty with speech & learning oDepression/social withdrawal oWeight lossoToxic psychosis oPsychological & physical dependence -Ketamine (special K)oAnesthetic developed to replace PCP, manufactured by Pfizer oUsed in human and vet medicine oInjected or dried or snortedoFeelings of floating or sometimes terrifying bad trip called "K