PSYCH 265 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Cannabis II. Cannabis sativa III. Pharmacokinetics IV. Drug actions V. Cannabinoid VI. Physiological effectsVII. Endocrine effectsVIII. Behavioral effectsIX. Psychological effectsX. Psychomotor impairment XI. Memory effectsXII. WithdrawalXIII. Therapeutic efficacy XIV. Cannabinoid drugsOutline of Current Lecture I. Classes of hallucinogens II. Serotonergic hallucinogens III. Religious hallucinogens IV. Modern eraV. Albert hofmannVI. LSD drug actionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VII. EffectsVIII. Toxic effectsIX. Long term effectsX. DMTXI. mescalineCurrent Lecture-Classes of hallucinogensoHallucinogenA drug that causes a seemingly real perception in the absence of external stimulation Disturb thinking, emotional control, and consciousness -Serotonergic HallucinogensoMescaline Naturally occurring in peyote cactus oPsilocybin Naturally occurring in magic mushrooms oIbogaineNaturally occurring in West African shruboLysergic acid diethylamide Synthetic oDimethyltryptamine Naturally occuring in ayahuasca-Religious hallucinogensoPeyote buttons (mescaline) were used for centuries by Aztecs in Mexico & Native American tribes in SW US & northern MexicooMagic mushrooms were used for centuries by tribesmen in North Africa & the America's oIboga root been used by African tribes for centuries -Modern era of hallucinogens oLSD gave rise to the modern era of hallucinogens & stimulated biomedical research of these drugsoLSD became landmark of counterculture of 1960s & 70s-Albert hofmann oSwiss scientist best known for having been the first to synthesize, ingest & learn of psychedelic effects of LSDoHofmann authored more than 100 scientific articles and wrote a number of books including LSD: My problem child-LSD drug action oAgonist at the 5HT(2A) receptorsoAll hallucinogens with LSD-like effects (e.g., mescaline, psilocybin, ibogaine*, DMT) have the same drug action Ibogaine may also act as an NMDA antagonist and kappa-opioid agonist -Effects of LSDoActivation of sympathetic nervous system, e.g., increase in HR, increase in BP, increase inperspiration (alternating w/ chills and shivering)oDizziness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting oLoss of motor coordination, muscle weakness or tremorsoHeightening of sensory perceptions, enhanced color perception oProfound mystical, religious or cosmic experience oSynesthesiaoSlowing of time sense, distortion of body image, detachment from environment, hallucinations -Toxic effects of LSDoPanic or paranoid reaction Dependent on psyche of user & enviro oNo reports of direct fatalities TI estimated at 400oAntidotal therapy Chlorpromazine -Long term effects of LSDoTolerance Develops after 3-6 days of daily useCross tolerance to other 5HT hallucinogens oNo evidence of physical dependence oFlashbacks Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)oLong term psychiatric disorderControversial oNo evidence of chromosomal damage oPotential for fetal damage if taken during pregnancy -Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)oPsychoactive ingredient in ayahuascaoAyahuasca is a psychedelic brew made from plants in the amazon region of PeruoAyahuasca was ingested for religious & healing purposes by the indigenous peopleoDMT is broken down by enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) & is orally inactive oDMT effects can be enhanced if taken with an MAO-inhibitor oInjecting, snorting or vaporizing DMT is more effectiveoOnset of action is rapid (30-45 sec), but duration of action is short (30-60 min)-Mescaline oPsychoactive ingredient in the peyote cactus oPeyote buttons have been ingested by native americans in central and south america for over 5,000 years for religious purposesoMescaline was isolated in 1897 & studied since
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