8 25 2014 8 27 2014 8 29 2014 Marijuana Initiative in WA FYI Are we a drug oriented society Drug Use Misuse and Abuse Drug Oriented Society Drug Categories DEA Schedules of Controlled Substances Drugs Legend Drugs Prescription drugs Non legend drugs OTC nonprescription Controlled Regulated by the FDA and DEA have potential for abuse Licit legal nicotine alcohol Illicit illegal LSD heroin Non controlled Not regulated by FDA and DEA non abusable DEA Schedule Description Abuse Potential I II III IV V No accepted medical use abuse Accepted medical use abuse potential Accepted medical use abuse potential Accepted medical use abuse potential Accepted medical use abuse potential Regardless of whether a drug is licit or illicit three types of drug taking behaviors are distinguished drug use drug misuse drug abuse Drug use means taking a drug properly and in its correct dosage without giving rise to health or behavioral problems that might harm the users themselves or anyone else Drug misuse and abuse occur when drug use is accompanied by health and behavioral problems that might harm the users themselves or anyone else Drug misuse and abuse are dependent on the extent to which physical psychological and or social impairment occurs Drug Taking Behaviors Drug Use Drug Misuse and Abuse Drug Misuse Drug Abuse Drug misuse involves an inappropriate use of prescription or non prescription drug The body needs the drug for normal physiological function Increased dose of drug are required due to the development of tolerance In the absence of the drug withdrawal or abstinence syndrome is seen Drug abuse is the intentional improper use of a drug to alter perception or thought process Drug abuse generally results in development of psychological or physiological dependence Addiction to any drug whether licit or illicit is drug abuse Repeated use of the drug may result in chronic toxicities which are specific to the particular drug Drug abuse is often characterized by the development of drug dependence as a result of repetitive use of psychoactive drugs because of their positive reinforcing effects in the CNS There are two types of drug dependence Psychological psychic Physiological physical Drug abusers have a great subjective need or compulsion to obtain and use the drug Abuser will take drug periodically without development of tolerance Drug Dependence Psychological Dependence Physiological Dependence Drug Addiction NSDUH Survey Results National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH Past Month Illicit Drug Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older 2012 Psychoactive drugs with high abuse potential have a tendency to induce compulsive drug seeking behavior The persistent drug seeking behavior of dependent individuals is maintained by the reinforcing properties of the drug This activity continues despite its negative social psychological and physical consequences Preoccupation with obtaining and using the drug may be so demanding as to decrease the user s productivity There is a high tendency to relapse in drug addicts The National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH provides national and state level data on the use of tobacco alcohol illicit drugs including non medical use of prescription drugs and mental health in the United States The NSDUH is sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services SAMHSA of the Department of Health and Human Services DHHS Illicit drugs include marijuana hashish cocaine including crack heroin hallucinogens inhalants and prescription type psychotherapeutics used non medically Past Month Use of Selected Illicit Drugs among Persons Aged 12 or Older 2002 2012 First Specific Drug Associated with Initiation of Illicit Drug Use among Past Year Illicit Drug Initiates Aged 12 or Older 2012 2010 Greatest Drug Threat by Region as Reported by State and Local Agencies History of Drug Use in the U S Opium Around the World 5000 B C The Sumerians use opium suggested by the fact that they have an ideogram for it which has been translated as HUL meaning joy or rejoicing 2500 B C Earliest historical evidence of eating of poppy seeds among the Lake Dwellers on Switzerland c 1000 Opium is widely used in China and the far East 9 3 2014 c 1525 Phillipus Auroleus Theostratus Bombastus von Hohenheim also known as Paracelsus 1490 1541 introduces laudanum or tincture of opium into the practice of medicine 1680 Thomas Syndenham 1625 80 Among the remedies which it has pleased the Almighty God to give to man to relieve his sufferings none is so universal and efficacious as opium Introduction of Opium to Medicine Morphine 1804 Friedrich Sert rner a German pharmacist isolates morphine from opium 1861 1865 Morphine was used during the American Civil War as a surgical anesthetic and was sent home with many wounded soldiers for relief of pain 1865 Over 400 000 veterans had the army disease morphine addiction 1870 1871 The Franco Prussian War in Europe had a similar effect Heroin 1898 Diacetylmorphine heroin is synthesized in Germany as a safe preparation free from addiction forming properties 1900 James R L Daly writing in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal declares Heroin possesses many advantages over morphine It is not hypnotic and there is no danger of acquiring the habit Introduction of Alcohol to the New World 1492 Christopher Columbus brought sherry on his voyage to the New World 1620 The Puritans loaded more beer than water onto the Mayflower before they cast off for the New World 1621 There was beer brandy gin and wine at the first Thanksgiving 1600 s The early colonialists made alcohol beverages from among other things carrots tomatoes onions beets celery squash and dandelions Alcoholism in the Early United States 1785 Benjamin Rush publishes his Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind In it he calls the intemperate use of distilled spirits a disease and estimates the annual rate of death due to alcoholism in the United States as not less than 4 000 people out of a population then of less than 6 million 1790 Benjamin Rush persuades his associates at the Philadelphia College of Physicians to send an appeal to Congress to impose such heavy duties upon all distilled spirits as shall be effective to restrain their intemperate use in the country Quoted in ibid Temperance Movement 1789 Temperance The first American temperance society is formed in Litchfield CT by 1833 there are 6 000 1882 Congress enacts a law making temperance education a requirement in public