PSYCH 265 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I. methylated amphetamines II. MDMAIII. Drug actions of MDMAIV. Effects of MDMAV. Long term effects of MDMAVI. Toxic effects of MDMAVII. Addiction liability of MDMAVIII. Anticholinergic hallucinationsIX. Anticholinergic drug actionX. Effects of anticholinergic deliriants XI. Anticholinergic side effectsXII. Dissociative anesthetics XIII. Effects of PCPXIV. Long lasting effects of PCPXV. ketamineOutline of Current Lecture I. salvia Divinorum II. drugs actions III. behavioral effectsIV. legal status V. desmorphine VI. synthesis VII. synthetic cannabinoid VIII. spice IX. toxicity These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.X. cathinone XI. bath salts XII. actions & effectsXIII. whoongaCurrent Lecture-Salvia Divinorum oSalvia is an herb in mint family native to Sierra Mazateca region of Oaxaca, MexicoUsed to produce hallucinogenic experiences oTraditionally has been ingested by chewing fresh leaves or by drinking their extracted uses Dried leaves can also be smoked in rolled cigarettes or pipes or vaporized and inhaled-Drug action of salviaoMain active ingredient is salvinorin AActivates k-opioid receptors Does not activate 5HT receptors as do many other hallucinogenic drugs -Behavioral effects of salviaoSubjective effects of salvia appear in less than 1 min and last less than 30 min oBehavioral effectsPsychedelic-like changes in visual perception, mood and body sensations Emotional swings Feelings of detachment Highly modified perception of external reality & the self-Legal status of salvia oNot currently regulated by controlled substances actoSeveral entities have passed legislation to forbid or restrict its useStates: DE, FL, IL, LA, MN, MO, ND, TNCountries: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, SwedenoFed government is still investigating the effects and safety of salvia-DesmorphineoSemisynthetic derivative of morphine o8x morphine potency and 3x heroin potency oRapid onset of action oShort duration of action (90 min)oMu-opioid receptor agonistoPharmacology similar to other opiatesoTolerance development slower than heroin oAddiction liability greater than heroin-Synthesis of desomorphine oExtraction of codeine from cough syrup Gasoline or paint thinneroConversion of codeine to desomorphine Iodine, HCl, red phosphorus -Synthetic cannabinoid oWide variety of herbal mixtures, some added with synthetic cannabinoidsoMarketed as safe and natural, legal alternatives to marijuana -Spice oMarketed as legal herb-based alternative to cannabis oIngredients list contains only herbs & no cannabinoid constituents oChemical assays have revealed presence of synthetic cannabinoid, including a number that have been now listed as schedule I controlled substances-Toxicity of spiceo9-THC is only a partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptorsoSynthetic cannabinoid are full agonists up to 100x the potency of 9-THCoSynthetic cannabinoid are also lacking in cannabidiol (CBD) which is present in marijuanaand blunts some of the adverse effects of 9-THC-Cathinone oOccurs naturally and is found in the leaves of the khat plantoKhat leaves are typically chewed and held in the cheek, like chewing tobacco, to release their stimulant chemicals oSocial custom in middle east-Bath salts oFamily of recreational designer drugs that generally contain a synthetic cathinone as the active ingredients oSynthetic cathinone include methylene, mephedrone, and MDPV-Actions & effects of cathinone oGenerally work like amphetamines oEuphoria increased sociability and sex drive but also paranoia, hallucinations, psychosis, and violent behavior -Whoonga oIllicit smokable concoction of a street drug such as heroin or marijuana mixed with rat poison and detergent oPurported to be laced with antiretroviral drugs like efavirenz and ritonavir which are used to treat HIVoAntiretroviral drugs cause vivid and colorful dreams and mild hallucinations oAntiretroviral drugs are thought to activate 5HT(2A) receptors to cause these
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