PSYCH 265 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Stimulants II. Amphetamine action III. Amphetamine effectsIV. Cocaine action V. Cocaine effectsVI. Methamphetamine vs. cocaineVII. Cocaine vs. crackVIII. Cocaine and alcohol IX. Intoxication with stimulants X. Long term effects of stimulants XI. Long term effects of stimulants XII. Withdrawal from stimulants XIII. Therapeutic use of stimulants XIV. Narcolepsy XV. ADHDOutline of Current Lecture I. History of smoking II. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Toxic effects IV. Long term heath risks V. Addictiveness of cigarettes VI. Caffeine VII. Pharmacokinetics of caffeine VIII. Adenosine receptors IX. Caffeine action X. Caffeine toxicity XI. Caffeine overdose XII. Addictiveness of caffeine XIII. Caffeine withdrawalCurrent Lecture-History of smoking oTobacco plant is native to new world, nicotine accounts for 5% of weight of tobacco plant oNorth American, central American and south American indigenous peoples smoked tobacco leaves in plant wrappings oCig. Tobacco leaves wrapped in paper--invented in 1616 by beggars in Seville spainoNicotine isolated from tob. Leaves in 1828oBonsack of Virginia patented first Cig rolling machine in 1880-Parmacokinetics of nicotine oCig typically contain about 10-20 mg of nicotine oWhen Cig is smoked about 1-2 mg of nicotine is absorbed by bodyoNicotine is absorbed through skin and mucosal linings of nose, mouth and lungs and travels about 7 sec oNicotine has half life of about 1-2 hr oNicotine is 80% metabolized by liver and lungs to cotinine, nicotine oxide and other metabolites oCotinine & other metabolites are excreted in urine, found also in saliva and hair oCotinine has half life of 16 hour is considered a biomarker in urine and blood for smoking oNicotine is excreted in breast milk of mothers, heavy smokers may have .5 mg of nicotineper liter of milk-Toxic effects of nicotine oPoisoning delivers a biphasic effect-Acts first as stimulant in body then turns to depressant oCause seizures and involuntary muscle twitching as well as abnormal heart rhythms, a slow heart rate and fluctuating blood pressure, peripheral Autonomic effectsoHigh concentrations nicotine cause death within hour due to heart failure, muscle paralysis and buildup of fluid in lungs air passages-Long term health risks of nicotineoPneumonia, emphysema, various respiratory infections oCataracts and other ocular problems oLung canceroCertain other cancers affecting mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, cervix, kidney, ureter, and bladder oSome leukemia -Relative addictiveness of cigo8% cocaine users are dependent on cocaine o15% alcohol users depended on ethanolo55% Cig smokers meet depende3nce criteria -Withdrawal from nicotine oIntensive craving oAnxiety and irritability oFeeling tense, restless and frustratedoDepression oInsomnia and poor sleepoBad dreams and nightmaresoHeadacheoIncreased appetite and weight gain oProblems concentrating-Caffeine oAlkaloid found in the kola nut which is fruit of west African kola treeoMethyl-xanthine as are theophylline and theobromine oMost widely consumed drug in us and world-Parmacokinetics of caffeine oAbsorbed by stomach and small intestine and distributed through bodyoReaches peak effect within 15-30 min following consumption oHalf life of 3-5 hr in adults but can have half life of up to 18 hr in preg women prior to delivery oLargely metabolized by liver to weaker metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline -Adenosine receptors oNE is important transmitter for wakefulnessoNeurons help regulate activity of NE neuron oHeterorecptors are inhibitory neuronal release of NE-Caffeine action oExcessive adenosine activity may inhibit NE release and cause under activation of adrenergic receptors to cause drowsinessoCaffeine is an adenosine antagonists and disinhibits rneuronal release of NEoIncreased activation of adrenergic receptors causes a reduction in the drowsiness-Caffeine toxicityoUp to 400 mg of caffeine—3 cups of brewed coffee or 10 cans of cola or 2 energy shot drinks—is probably harmless.oAdolescents should consume no more than 100 mg caffeine a day.oConsumption over 600 mg caffeine can cause anxiety, sleep and digestive disorders, a rapid heartbeat, and other health problems. oThe National College Athletic Association has limited the amount of caffeine that its players can consume.-Caffeine overdose fatalities o2006: 19-year-old CT boy dies after taking 25-30 NoDoz pills (2.5 g caffeine).o2009: 40 seagulls die of caffeine toxicity after eating used coffee grinds in St. John’s, Newfoundland Canada.o2011: 14-year-old MD girl dies after drinking 2  24-oz Monster energy drinks containing 480 mg caffeine.o2013: NZ woman dies from cardiac arrhythmia associated with her 10 liter/day Coca-Cola habit (900-1000 mg caffeine); she also smoked 30 cigarettes daily and barely ate.o2013: Young man in UK dies after consuming 12 Hero Energy Mints (984 mg caffeine).o2014: Young man in TN hospitalized after ingesting 20  200-mg caffeine pills to “test the limits of his body” (4000 mg caffeine).-Addictiveness of caffeine oCaffeine causes development of tolerance.oCaffeine causes physical dependence, producing withdrawal symptoms including anxiety,headaches, and fatigue when its use is discontinued. oCaffeine also causes psychological dependence; people who stop using caffeine experience a craving for it. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (2014) lists both caffeine intoxication and caffeine withdrawal as mental disorders for the first time. -Caffeine withdrawal oHeadache oFatigue oAnxiety oIrritability oDepressed mood oDifficulty