PSYCH 265 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture I. salvia Divinorum II. drugs actions III. behavioral effectsIV. legal status V. desmorphine VI. synthesis VII. synthetic cannabinoid VIII. spice IX. toxicity X. cathinone XI. bath salts XII. actions & effectsXIII. whoongaOutline of Current Lecture I. Anxiety II. Benzodiazepines vs. barbiturates III. Safety IV. Pharmacokinetics These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Drug actions VI. Receptors VII. AntagonistVIII. Drug effectsIX. Abuse X. Long term effectsCurrent Lecture-AnxietyoMay be normal behavioral reaction or a sign of psychiatric illnessoClinical types (older terminology but still useful)Exogenous (situational or rational) anxiety Endogenous (neurotic) anxiety -Benzodiazepines vs. barbituratesoBenzo do not produce as much CNS depression as barbiturates -Safety of benzodiazepines oBZs have a wider margin of safety than barbs or opioids drugsoBZs potentate the actions of other sedating drugs (e.g., ethanol, barbs, narcotics, ect) Sometimes leading to cardiovascular & respiratory depression-Pharmacokinetics of Benzodiazepines FYIoLonger acting BZs are converted by liver to a series of pharmacologically active metabolitesoShorter acting BZs are rapidly inactivated with few pharmacologically active metabolites -Drug actions of benzodiazepines oBZs bind to specific BZ binding site on GABA(A) chloride channel receptor complexoBZs enhance the action of the neurotransmitter GABA by increasing the frequency of chloride ion channel openings produced by GABA-Benzodiazepine Receptors oBZ(1) receptors (omega-1 receptors) BZ(2) receptors (omega-2 receptors)BZ(1) mediates sedation & anticonvulsant actions BZ(2) mediates relief of anxiety & impairment of cognitive functions Zolpidem (Ambien) is an agent that specifically stimulates BZ(1) receptors and is used as a hypnotic -Benzodiazepine antagonist oFlumazenil (Romazicon) can antagonize many of the effects of BZsoFlumazenil binds to the BZ binding site on the GABA(A) chloride receptor complex to prevent or reverse actions of BZsoFlumazenil has no effect on GABA neurotransmission-Drug effects of benzodiazepines oBZs have Anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic, skeletal muscle relaxant & anticonvulsant properties oBZ use is associated with impairment of visual spatial ability, reaction time & driving problems like deviation from one's lane oThose tested the day after taking BZs showed a impairment of driving skills similar to a BAL of .05-.10%-Abuse of benzodiazepines oBZ abuses may start taking BZs prescribed, then progress to taking more than ordered orthey may start out by getting them illicitly and them become addicted to them oAs street drugs they are used recreationally although no to the extent of ethanol or cocaine oWhen used recreationally, BZs tend to self-administered together with other agentsoCollege students combine short acting BZs with alcohol to increase the buzz without having to drink as many calories-Long term effects of benzodiazepines oWith repeated use, tolerance develops to the sedative & anticonvulsant actions of BZsoLittle tolerance has been noted for the Anxiolytic effect in clinical (but not rec) usageoLittle tolerance to cognitive impairment or amnesia oAbrupt withdrawal of BZs especially after long term administration of high dosesCan lead to beryl serious consequences including seizuresoShort acting BZs have more frequent & severe withdrawal signsLong acting (more slowly eliminated) BZs have slower onset & less severe withdrawal
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