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FSU BSC 2086 - The Lymphatic System I

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BSC 2086 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Pressure and Reabsorption II Cardiovascular Regulation III IV Cardiovascular Response to Exercise and Hemorrhaging Other Cardiovascular Adaptations V Pulmonary and Systemic Patterns VI Effects of Aging Outline of Current Lecture I Introduction to Lymphatic System II Major Structures III IV V Lymphocytes Lymphoid System Components Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Current Lecture I Introduction to Lymphatic System a Pathogens microscopic organisms that are able to cause disease each attacking in a specific way i Include viruses bacteria fungi and parasites b Immunity ability to resist infection and disease i All types of cells and body tissues are involved in immunity it is not exclusive to the lymphatic system ii Defenses 1 Nonspecific defenses example is our skin epidermis which protects our organs and muscles a Block attack any potentially infectious organism b Cant distinguish between attacks works on everything non selectively 2 Specific defenses a Include lymphocytes which are part of the immune system II b Will identify attack and develop immunity to a certain pathogen c The lymphatic system protects us against disease d Cells of the lymphatic system respond to environmental pathogens toxins and abnormal body cells ex Cancers Major Structures a Organization i Lymph plasma like fluid without the plasma proteins ii Lymphatic vessels carry lymph to the venous system form the peripheral tissues iii Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs iv Immune system cells including lymphocytes and phagocytes b Functions of System i Produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes 1 Lymphocytes will detect problems and travel into injury or infection sites c Production of lymphocytes i Produced in 1 Lymphoid tissues a Example Tonsils 2 Lymphoid organs a Example spleen thymus 3 Red bone marrow d Circulation i Lymphocytes 1 Blood interstitial fluid IF capillaries 2 Returns to venous blood through lymphatic vessels ii Fluids 1 Blood plasma lymph back to venous system 2 Transports hormones wastes and nutrients iii Lymphatic vessels carry lymph 1 Lymphatic system begins with lymphatic capillaries smallest vessels 2 Differ from blood capillaries in that they a Start as pockets rather than tubes b Have larger diameters c Have thinner walls d Flat or irregular outline in sectional view iv Lymphatic capillaries 1 Consist of endothelial cells loosely bound together with overlap 2 Overlap acts as a one way valve a Allows fluids viruses bacteria and solutes to enter but prevents return to intercellular space III b Edema of tissues causes the overlap to separate which permits fluid into the lymphatic capillaries v Lymph flow 1 From lymphatic capillaries to the larger lymphatic vessels which have one way valves a Lymphatic vessels travel with veins 2 Transport lymph to the right lymphatic duct and left thoracic duct a Thoracic duct is connected to subclavian vein therefore it combines with venous return 3 Right lymphatic duct drains upper right thoracic region head and arm 4 Left thoracic duct drains rest of body vi Lacteals special lymphatic capillaries 1 Found in small intestine 2 Transport lipids absorbed from the digestive tract vii Lymphedema 1 Severe swelling due to the blockage of lymph drainage from a limb 2 Interferes with the function of the immune system a Toxins and pathogens unable to drain will build up in swollen area and can overwhelm local defenses without triggering immune system response b Connective tissues can lose elasticity and the swelling will become permanent if the problem is persistent Lymphocytes a Make up about 20 30 of circulating leukocytes i Most stored not circulating b Types i T cells 1 Thymus dependent 2 Make up 80 of circulating lymphocytes 3 Main types include a Cytotoxic T TC cells i Make cell mediated immunity ii Attack cells that have been infected by viruses b Memory T cells i Remain in body ii Remember immunity iii Made in response to foreign substance exposure c Helper T TH cells i Stimulate function of T and B cells d Suppressor T TS cells i Inhibit function of T and B cells ii B cells 1 Responsible for humoral blood immunity 2 10 15 if circulating lymphocytes 3 Change differentiate into plasma cells which make and secrete antibodies immunoglobulin proteins a Antigens identify any pathogen or foreign compound b Antibodies immunoglobulins the binding of a specific antibody with its specific target antigen starts antibodymediated immunity i This is the chain of events that destroy target compound or organism iii NK cells 1 Aka Large granular lymphocytes 2 5 10 of circulating lymphocytes 3 Responsible for immunological surveillance a Attack foreign cells virus infected cells and cancer cells c Distribution i Different T and B cell populations found in tissues 1 B cells rarely found in thymus 2 T cells outnumber B cells in blood ii Wander through tissues enter the blood vessels or lymphatics for transport iii Can survive for many years 80 living up to 4 years and others lasting more than 20 years d Production i Lymphopoiesis involves 1 Bone marrow 2 Thymus 3 Peripheral lymphoid tissues ii Hemocytoblasts found in bone marrow divide into 2 types of lymphoid stem cells e Stem Cells i Group 1 1 Develops with the help of stromal cells and remains in bone marrow a Produce the cytokine interleukin 7 to promote B cell differentiation 2 Produce B cells and NK cells ii Group 2 1 Migrates to thymus 2 Make T cells in environment isolated by blood thymus barrier f T and B cells i Migrate through the body and defend peripheral tissues ii Retain their ability to divide 1 Make daughter cells of the same type IV 2 Ability is essential to immune system function Lymphoid System Components a Lymphoid tissues connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes i Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue MALT 1 Protects the epithelia of the digestive reproductive urinary and respiratory organ systems 2 Includes lymphoid tissues associated with digestive system 3 Aggregated lymphoid nodules a Peyer s patches b Clustered deep inside intestinal epithelial lining 4 Appendix a Vermiform Appendix b Contains mass of fused lymphoid nodules b Lymphoid nodules areolar tissues filled with lymphocytes i Germinal center has dividing lymphocytes 1 Located in central zone of the nodule ii Distribution 1 Lymph nodes 2 Spleen 3 Respiratory tract a Tonsils 4 Digestive urinary and reproductive tracts c Organs i Lymph nodes 1 Afferent lymphatics a Approaches bringing


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FSU BSC 2086 - The Lymphatic System I

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