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Lesson 11 1 What are pathogens Microscopic organisms that cause disease each attacks in a specific way ex Viruses bacteria fungi parasites 2 What is immunity The ability to resist infection and disease all body cells and tissues are involved in the production of immunity not just the lymphatic system 3 What are the two main types of defenses that your body uses to protect itself What is the difference between nonspecific defenses and specific defenses Which is innate and which is adaptive Nonspecific block or attack any potential infectious organism cannot distinguish one attack from another innate Specific consists of lymphocytes which are part of the immune response identify attack and develop immunity to a specific pathogen adaptive 4 How does the lymphatic system play a role in your immune system It protects us against diseases lymphatic system cells respond to environmental pathogens toxins and abnormal body cells such as cancers 5 How is the lymphatic system organized Lymph a fluid similar to plasma but does not have plasma proteins Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs Lymphocytes phagocytes and other immune system cells 6 What features are similar or different between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system the walls of these vessels contain layers comparable to those of veins and the larger lymphatic vessels also contain valves Lymphatic vessels are usually a pale golden color In general there is a difference in size appearance and branching pattern A tissue contains many more lymphatic vessels than veins but the lymphatic vessels are much smaller 7 Where does lymph enter back into main circulation right lymphatic duct and left thoracic duct 8 What are the differences found between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in four ways They originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes dead ends They have larger diameters They have thinner walls They typically have a flattened or irregular outline in sectional view 9 How does tissue edema cause fluid flow into the lymphatic capillaries Edema of tissue opens overlapping endothelial cells allowing fluid into capillaries 10 How does lymphedema interfere with immune system function Lymphedema is severe swelling caused by blockage of lymph drainage from a limb It interferes with immune system function because toxins and pathogens accumulate in the swollen area and overwhelm local defenses 11 What are the different types of lymphocytes and what are their functions Which provide humoral immunity cell mediated immunity or immunological surveillance T cells thymus dependent make up 80 of lymphocytes are the primary cells involved in the production of cell mediated immunity or cellular immunity B cells bone marrow derived make up 10 15 of circulating lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies responsible for humoral immunity NK cells natural killer cells or large granular lymphocytes make up 5 10 of circulating lymphocytes responsible for immunological surveillance attack foreign virus infected and cancer cells 12 How are these lymphocytes produced Where do they mature Lymphocytes are produced by lymphopoiesis which involved red bone marrow thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues They mature in either red bone marrow or the thymus 13 What is MALT Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue protects epithelia of the digestive reproductive urinary and respiratory organ systems ex Peyer s patches the appendix and the tonsils 14 What is the arrangement of the lymph nodes Lymph nodes are shaped like kidney beans Blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node at a shallow indentation called the hilum and have afferent lymphatics which bring lymph to the lymph node from peripheral tissues and efferent lymphatics which leave the lymph node at the hilum 15 How is lymph filtered in a lymph node Lymph is filtered in a lymph node before it reaches the veins Fixed macrophages in the walls of the lymphatic sinuses engulf debris or pathogens in the lymph as it flows past 99 of antigens are removed and presented to nearby lymphocytes to stimulate them 16 What is lymphadenopathy Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes in response to bacterial or viral infections endocrine disorders or cancer 17 What is antigen presentation and why is it important for the immune response Antigen presentation is the first step in immune response Macrophages extract antigens flowing through lymph node and the extracted antigens are presented to lymphocytes Antigens can also attach to membrane receptors of dendritic cells 18 Why are the thymus and spleen important to the immune system The thymus atrophies after puberty involution and diminishes the effectiveness of the immune system The spleen contains the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body It removes abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis stores iron recycled by red blood cells and initiates the immune responses by B and T cells in response to antigens circulating in blood 19 What is the difference between the red pulp and white pulp of the spleen Red pulp contains large quantities of red blood cells and elements of circulating blood plus fixed and free macrophages White pulp resembles lymphoid nodules and has a high concentration of macrophages and dendritic cells 20 Why is the spleen easily ruptured The tissue of the spleen is very fragile and difficult to repair surgically A ruptured spleen can cause serious internal bleeding and eventually circulatory shock 21 Can you live without your spleen If so what are the consequences You can live without your spleen but there is an increased risk of bacterial infection particularly involving pneumococcal bacteria Lesson 12 1 What are the seven major categories of innate defenses Can you describe the key components and functions of each of these categories Physical barriers keep hazardous materials outside the body ex Hair may keep a mosquito from reaching the surface of the scalp Phagocytic cells attack and remove dangerous microorganisms and cell debris ex Macrophages of peripheral tissues and blood Immunological surveillance destroy abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues constantly monitors normal tissues Interferons chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral


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FSU BSC 2086 - Study Guide

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