Exam 2 Study GuideLesson 5-6:1. What are the components of the cardiovascular system and what is the role of each of those components?• A pump (the heart)• A conducting system (blood vessels)• A fluid medium (blood) o Specialized fluid connective tissue Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix 2. What is the function and characteristics of blood? What is blood composed of? What are the formed elements? What is plasma composed of? What is the difference between plasma, serum, and interstitial fluid? • Bloodo Transports materials to and from cells. It contains: Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones Immune system components Waste productso Characteristics 38oC (100.4oF) normal temperature High Viscosity• Caused by dissolved proteins in formed elements• 5x more viscous than water Volume is 7% of body weight• Male = 5-6 liters• Female = 4-5 liters• Loss of 10% of blood will cause a decrease in BP Slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)• Functionso Transportation of dissolved substanceso Regulation of pH and ionso Restriction of fluid losses at injury siteso Defense against toxins and pathogenso Stabilization of body temperature• Componentso Plasma (fluid component) Water Dissolved plasma proteins Other soluteso Formed elements All cells and solids Includes platelets• Formed Elementso Red blood cells (RBS) or Erythrocytes Transport oxygeno White blood cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes Part of the immune systemo Platelets Cell fragments involved in clothing• Plasmao Makes up 50-60% of blood volumeo More than 90% of it is watero Contains extracellular fluids Interstitial fluids and plasma Exchanges water, ions, and small solutes across capillary walls• Serumo Liquid part of a blood sample Produced when dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin which is removed. Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2+ (removed from clotting process)3. What are some proteins found in plasma? Where are they made?• Plasma Proteinso Albumins (60%) Transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones and steroid hormeso Globulins (35%) Antibodies, also called immunoglobins Transport globulins (small molecules): hormone binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins (lipoproteins), and steroid binding proteinso Fibrinogen (4%) Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrino More than 90% of plasma proteins made in livero Antibodies made by plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes)o Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs4. What is the function and characteristics of a red blood cell? Why is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function?• Red Blood Cellso Characteristics Make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements The average adult has 25 trillion RBC, 1/3 of all cells in human body Transport oxygen through bloodo Shape Small and highly specialized discs Thin in middle and thicker at edge High surface to volume ratio• Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen Discs form stacks called rouleaux• Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries• 7.8 micrometer RBC passes through 4 micrometer capillary4. What is hemoglobin (Hb)? Why is it important to the function of erythrocytes? Why is iron important? What happens if there isn’t enough dietary iron? What is the difference between fetal Hb, adult Hb, and Hb found in people with sickle cell anemia?• Hemoglobino The protein molecule that gives whole blood its color, functions to transport respiratory gases Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Normal hemoglobin for males 14-18 g/dL whole blood Normal hemoglobin for females 12-16 g/dL bloodo Functions Carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues At tissues with low oxygen (peripheral capillaries)• Hemoglobin releases oxygen• Binds CO2 and carries it to lungso When bound to CO2 from carbaminohemoglobino Structure Complex quaternary structure 2 alpha subunits 2 beta subunits• Four globular protein subunits• Each with one molecule of heme• Each heme contains one iron ion. The iron ion:o Associate easily with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin)o Dissociate easily from oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)o Iron Any impairment in iron uptake or metabolism can cause serious clinical problems, because RBC formation will be affected. Iron-deficiency anemia, which results from a lack of iron in the diet or from problems with iron absorption, is one example. Too much iron can also cause problems, due to excessive buildup in secondary storage sites, such as the liver and cardiac muscle tissue. Excessive iron deposition in cardiac muscle cells has been linked to heart disease.o Fetal Hemoglobin Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos Takes oxygen from mothers hemoglobin Binds oxygen more readily than does the hemoglobin of adults.o Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by mutation of an amino acid in beta chain of hemoglobin. Low O2 cause mutated Hb to alter RBC shape, making it stiff, easily damaged. Change in shape also causes it to block narrow capillaries5. What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and carbaminohemoglobin?What are the various blood conditions and diseases? For instance, what is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia?• Oxyhemoglobin HbO2o Iron ions associated with oxygen• Deoxyhemoglobin o Iron ions dissociated from oxygen• Carbaminohemoglobino Hemoglobin bound to CO2• Blood conditions and diseaseso Anemia: Decreased RBC count. Types of anemia: Iron deficiency – caused by lack of iron Sickle cell – RBC have abnormal shape causing decreased O2 carrying ability Aplastic – bone marrow produces too few RBC’s Pernicious – reduced RBC production due to lack of vitamin B126. Why does a red blood cell last up to 120 days? How is it destroyed? What happens during that process? What is recycled? How are those items recycled?• Cell lifeo RBC only live for 120 days because they L=lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes o Can’t repair itself and utilizes anaerobic metabolism for energyo Formation and turnover 1% of circulating RBCs wear out per day About 3 million RBCs per second Turnover and formation usually matched.o Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling Macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow• Monitor RBCs• Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture
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