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Exam 2 Study Guide Lesson 5 Describe the components of the cardiovascular system o A pump the heart o A conducting system blood vessels o A fluid medium blood Is specialized fluid of connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix o What is the function of blood What does it transport Blood transports materials to and from cells Transports oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients hormones immune system components waste products Important functions of blood 1 Transportation of dissolved substances 2 Regulation of pH and ions 3 Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4 Defense against toxins and pathogens 5 Stabilization of body temperature Describe the components of blood o Whole blood is composed of plasma 55 and formed elements 45 Describe the difference between the formed elements and the fluid component of blood o Plasma is a fluid consisting of water dissolved plasma proteins and other solutes o Formed elements include all cells and solids red blood cells while blood cells o What are the different formed elements How can you separate the formed elements platelets from the fluid component Red blood cells RBCs or erythrocytes White blood cells WBCs or leukocytes Platelets Hemopoiesis process of producing formed elements Formed elements formed transport oxygen part of the immune system cell fragments involved in clotting from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells Fractionation process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis Separation into plasma and formed elements A thin buffy coat composed of platelets and white blood cells found between RBC pellet and plasma fluid above Describe the general characteristics of blood o 38 C 100 4 F is normal temperature o High viscosity 5 times more viscous than water caused by dissolved proteins formed elements in blood o Slightly alkaline pH 7 35 7 45 o Blood volume liters 7 percent of body weight kilograms Adult male 5 6 liters Adult female 4 5 liters Loss of 10 blood volume will cause a significant decrease in blood pressure Describe the composition of blood plasma o Makes up 50 60 percent of blood volume o More than 90 percent of plasma is water o Extracellular fluids Interstitial fluid IF and plasma o What is dissolved in blood plasma small solutes Proteins functions Materials in plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls water ions o What are the different types of blood proteins in blood plasma What are their Transport substances such as fatty acids thyroid hormones Albumins 60 percent and steroid hormones Globulins 35 percent globulins small molecules hormone binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins lipoproteins and steroid binding proteins strands of fibrin Fibrinogen 4 percent Other plasma proteins 1 of plasma Antibodies also called immunoglobulins Transport Molecules that form clots and produce long insoluble Changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins Peptide hormones normally present in circulating blood o Insulin prolactin PRL and the glycoproteins thyroid stimulating hormone TSH follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH o Where are most of them produced More than 90 percent made in liver Antibodies made by plasma cells activated B lymphocytes Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs Explain the difference between serum and plasma o Serum liquid part of a blood sample Produced when dissolved fibrinogen converts to solid fibrin fibrin is removed from sample Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2 used up during the clotting process Explain the structure and function of red blood cells o Make up 99 9 percent of blood s formed elements o Average adult has 25 trillion RBCs 1 3 of all cells in human body o Red blood cell count the number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood a drop of blood is approximately 50 microliters Male 4 5 6 3 million Female 4 2 5 5 million RBC volume total volume Male 40 54 Female 37 47 o Hematocrit packed cell volume PCV percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood o Structure o Why is the shape of the red blood cell important to its function Small and highly specialized discs Thin in middle and thicker at edge 1 High surface to volume ratio a Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen 2 Discs form stacks called rouleaux a Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels 3 Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries a 7 8 m RBC passes through 4 m capillary Explain why hemoglobin is important o The red pigment that gives whole blood its color o Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide o Normal hemoglobin adult male 14 18 g dL whole blood note 1 dL 100 mL o Normal hemoglobin adult female 12 16 g dL whole blood o Structure Complex quaternary structure Four globular protein subunits 2 alpha subunits 2 beta subunits o Functions Each with one molecule of heme Each heme contains one iron ion The iron ion Associate easily with oxygen oxyhemoglobin HbO2 Dissociate easily from oxygen deoxyhemoglobin Carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues At tissues with low oxygen peripheral capillaries Hemoglobin releases oxygen Binds picks up carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs o Fetal hemoglobin Takes oxygen from mother s hemoglobin o When bound to CO2 hemoglobin becomes carbaminohemoglobin strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos Has high affinity for O2 Explain how red blood cells are recycled o RBC Formation and Turnover 1 percent of circulating RBCs wear out per day About 3 million new RBCs per second Turnover and formation usually matched o Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling Macrophages of liver spleen and bone marrow Monitor RBCs Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture hemolyze Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components Globular proteins break down to amino acids Heme to biliverdin organic green colored compound bad bruises look greenish because of biliverdin formation in blood filled tissues Iron recycled o How is bilirubin produced Where is it processed What happens to the iron from hemoglobin Breakdown of Biliverdin Biliverdin green is converted to bilirubin yellow in the phagocyte o Bilirubin is transported by blood to liver for excretion in bile into the intestine Jaundice yellowish skin and sclera caused by bilirubin buildup Occurs if bile ducts are blocked or liver cannot absorb excrete bilirubin circulating amounts increase to cause yellow color o Bilirubin is converted by intestinal bacteria to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens Iron Recycling Iron removed from heme leaving biliverdin Binds to transport proteins transferrin and delivered to red bone


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FSU BSC 2086 - Exam 2

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