BSC2086 A&P II Exam #4 Study Guide – “You Should Be Able To” Questions 1 Lesson 13: The Respiratory System Part I Explain the function of the respiratory system The respiratory system functions to supply cells with oxygen (O2) and remove produced carbon dioxide (CO2) Five (5) basic functions: 1. Provides extensive surface area for gas exchange between air & circulating blood 2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs 3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment 4. Produces sounds for communication 5. Facilitates the detection of odors (participates in olfactory sense) Describe the difference between the upper and lower respiratory system The upper respiratory system (URS) includes structures above the larynx • It filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air to protect the more delicate surfaces of the LRS • Cools & humidifies outgoing air The lower respiratory system (LRS) includes structures below the larynx Upper Respiratory System Lower Respiratory System - Nose - Nasal cavity - Paranasal sinuses - Pharynx (throat) - Larynx (voice box) - Trachea (wind pipe) - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli What type of cells line each system? Upper Respiratory System: • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells – nasal cavity pharynx o Has numerous mucous cells Lower Respiratory System: • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium • Cuboidal epithelial cells – smaller bronchioles • Columnar epithelial cells – trachea • Smooth muscle cells – in lumen of bronchioles • Simple squamous epithelial cells – lines exchange surfaces of alveoli Describe the composition of the respiratory epithelium. Why can it allow for efficient gas exchange?BSC2086 A&P II Exam #4 Study Guide – “You Should Be Able To” Questions 2 The respiratory epithelium is composed of: • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the conducting system • Simple squamous epithelium in the respiratory system The respiratory epithelium allows for efficient gas exchange because… • It is very thin • It has a great surface area Explain the respiratory defense system The respiratory defense system is made up of a series of filtration mechanisms that function to remove particles & pathogens • Mucous cells & mucous glands – produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces • Cilia – sweep debris trapped in mucus toward pharynx • Mucus escalator – cilia in LRS move a carpet of mucus toward the pharynx & clean the respiratory surfaces • Filtration in nasal cavity – removes large particles • Alveolar macrophages – engulf small particles that reach lungs Describe the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system • Nose: Primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system o Nasal Hairs: First particle filtration system o Nasal Cavity: Provides sense of smell (olfaction) Warms & humidifies air entering respiratory system • Pharynx: Chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems that extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx & esophagus o Nasopharynx o Oropharynx o Laryngopharynx • Larynx: Cartilaginous tube that surrounds & protects the glottis o Glottis: Narrow opening connecting the pharynx to larynx o Cartilages of the Larynx: Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Elastic Cartilage • Epiglottis: Forms a lid over the glottis & prevents entry of food into the trachea o Vestibular Folds: Protect delicate vocal folds Vestibular Ligaments o Vocal Folds Vocal Cords: Produce sound • Trachea (Windpipe): Tough, flexible tube that branches to the primary bronchiBSC2086 A&P II Exam #4 Study Guide – “You Should Be Able To” Questions 3 o Tracheal Cartilages – C-shaped; strengthen & protect airway o Trachealis Muscle: Regulates the diameter of the trachea • Right & Left Primary Bronchi: Supply the right & left lungs o Carina: Internal ridge that separates the two bronchi • Right & Left Lungs o Located in right & left pleural cavities o Lungs have lobes Right lung has three (3) lobes Left lung has two (2) lobes • Secondary Bronchi (Lobar Bronchi): Branch from the primary bronchi into each lobe of each lung • Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental Bronchi): Branch from secondary bronchi & form many bronchioles • Bronchioles: Branch into terminal bronchioles • Terminal Bronchioles: The finest conducting branches Where does the respiratory system diverge from the digestive system? The respiratory system diverges from the digestive system at the epiglottis, which forms a lid to make sure food continues down the esophagus to the rest of the digestive system and prevents it from entering the trachea and the rest of the respiratory system Explain how sounds are produced by the larynx 1. Air passes through the glottis 2. Vibrates vocal folds/vocal cords a. Slender, short folds higher pitch b. Thicker, longer folds lower pitch 3. Produces sound waves a. Varied by tension on vocal folds b. Controlled by voluntary muscles Explain why the tracheal cartilages are C-shaped along the region where the trachea contacts the esophagus The C shape of tracheal cartilages allows for distortion of the tracheal wall so that food can pass through the esophagus (which lies posterior to the trachea) Describe the bronchial structure of the lungs Primary bronchi secondary (lobar) bronchi tertiary (segmental) bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles Explain how airflow in the bronchioles are controlled The autonomic nervous system regulates the smooth muscle of the bronchiolesBSC2086 A&P II Exam #4 Study Guide – “You Should Be Able To” Questions 4 • Controls diameter of bronchioles, which determines the resistance to airflow & distribution of air in the lungs • Sympathetic activation bronchodilation (enlarged diameter) • Parasympathetic activation bronchoconstriction (reduced diameter) Explain the difference between asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia Asthma involves excessive smooth muscle stimulation and bronchoconstriction, which severely restricts airflow Bronchitis is the inflammation of bronchial walls during infection of the bronchi or bronchioles, which causes constriction and breathing difficulty Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung’s lobules, which
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