BSC 2086 1st EditionExam 2 Study GuideChapter 191.What are the components of the cardiovascular system and what is the role of each of those components?a. The heart pumps bloodb. Blood vessels conducting systemc. Blood the medium, which contains cells2.What is the function and characteristics of blood? What is blood composed of? What are the formed elements? What is plasma composed of? What is the difference between plasma, serum, and interstitial fluid?a. Function: transport materials to and from cells i. Regulate pH and ions (usually at 7.4)ii. Restrict fluid losses at injury sites1. Blood pressure drops if too much fluid is lost 2. Brain needs oxygen and glucose consistentlyiii. Defend against pathogens and toxinsiv. Stabilizes body temperature by thermoregulation of skinb. Characteristics: i. Normal temperature = 38 degrees Cii. High viscosity 1. 5 times higher than wateriii. Slightly alkaline c. Composed of:i. Oxygenii. CO2iii. Nutrientsiv. Hormonesv. Parts of immune systemvi. Wastes d. Formed elements:i. White blood cells (leukocytes)1. Immune system component ii. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)1. Oxygen transporteriii. Platelets1. Cell fragments needed for clottinge. Plasma: made of water, dissolved plasma proteins and other solutesf. Serum: liquid part of blood sample made when fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin i. Lacks clotting proteins and calcium g. Interstitial fluid surrounds blood vessels 3.What are some proteins found in plasma? Where are they made?a. Albumins i. Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones and steroid hormonesb. Globulins i. Immunoglobulins antibodiesii. Transport small molecules such as hormone binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins and steroid binding proteins c. Fibrinogeni. Make clotsii. Produce fibrin: long, insoluble strands d. Liver makes more than 90% of plasma proteins e. Plasma cells make antibodiesi. Activated B lymphocytes 4.What is the function and characteristics of a red blood cell? Why is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function?a. Function: transport oxygen b. Shape: thin in the middle and thicker at edges i. High surface to volume ratio which allows it to quickly absorb and release oxygenii. Rouleaux stacks made from discs1. Allow smooth flow through blood vesselsiii. Discs are bendable and able to flex allowing them to enter small capillaries 5.What is hemoglobin (Hb)? Why is it important to the function of erythrocytes? Why is ironimportant? What happens if there isn’t enough dietary iron? What is the difference between fetal Hb, adult Hb, and Hb found in people with sickle cell anemia?a. Hemoglobin: The protein molecule that gives whole blood its color, functions to transport respiratory gasesb. Function: carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissuesi. Releases oxygen and binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs c. The iron ion is able to associate easily with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) and dissociate easily with oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)d. Fetal Hb: i. Strong form of hemoglobin ii. Found in embryosiii. Greater affinity to oxygen because it is needed to transfer it frommaternal circulation to fetal circulatione. Adult Hb: i. Used in cases of thalassemia 1. Inability to make enough Hb units which causes a decrease in RBC production and fragile/short-lived RBCs 2. Affects development and growth3. In severe cases of thalassemia, adult Hb is converted to hydroxyurea or butyrate f. Hb in people with sickle cell anemia:i. A mutation of an amino acid in the beta chain of Hb causes sickle cellii. Not enough oxygen causes the mutated Hb to alter the shape of the RBC1. Stiffens2. Easily damaged6.What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and carbaminohemoglobin?a. Oxyhemoglobin: oxygen loaded form of hemoglobin b. Deoxyhemoglobin: form of hemoglobin with no oxygen c. Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide 7.What are the various blood conditions and diseases? For instance, what is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia?a. Hemoglobinuriai. Due to excess hemolysis in the blood, hemoglobin breaks down products in urineb. Hematuriai. Whole RBC in urine due to kidney/tissue damagec. Iron deficiency anemiai. RBC production affected by lack of iron uptake and metabolismd. Pernicious anemiai. Low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12 or the intrinsic factor needed to absorb the vitamin 8.Why does a red blood cell last up to 120 days? How is it destroyed? What happens during that process? What is recycled? How are those items recycled?a. The RBC can last up to 120 days because it lacks a nuclei, mitochondria and ribosomes. Therefore, it cant repair itself and can only use anaerobic metabolismfor energy. b. RBCs are destroyed by the macrophages of the liver, spleen and bone marrow. i. Monitor RBCs and engulf them before their membranes rupture (hemolyze)ii. Liver and spleen will take them out of circulation, certain components willbe broken down, amine group disassembled, iron is re-used1. Heme broken down into biliverdin 2. Iron is binded to transport proteins (transferrin) and is delivered to red bone marrow in order to make new Hba. Excess iron is transferred to ferritin and hemosiderin (storage proteins)9.How are the formed elements formed? What are they derived from? Where do they develop and mature? How is erythropoietin involved?a. Erythropoiesis: only occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adultsi. Stem cells mature and become RBCsii. Erythropoietin (EPO) is made in the kidneys and secreted when oxygen in the peripheral tissues is low 1. Stimulates cell division in erythroblasts2. Accelerates formation of Hb3. Increases RBC production by 10xb. Hemocytoblasts: i. Myeloid stem cells become RBCs and WBCsii. Lymphoid stem cells become lymphocytes 10. What are the four basic blood types? What type of antibodies would you find in a personwith each of these blood types? What about the D antigen? How does the D antigen impact pregnancy?a. The four basic blood types are:i. Type A1. Type B antibodiesii. Type B1. Type A antibodiesiii. Type O1. Both A and B antibodiesiv. Type AB1. Neither A nor B antibodiesb. D antigeni. The Rh factor: either Rh positive or Rh negative ii. Only sensitized Rh- has anti-Rh antibodies c. Hemolytic disease can develop if an Rh- woman has carried an Rh+ fetus i. Mixing of fetal and maternal blood can stimulate production of anti-Rh antibodies which will lead to sensitizationii. The first infant
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