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BLOOD Definitions Arterial stick The taking of a blood sample from an artery rather than a vein It is usually more painful due to arteries being deeper having more nerves and having thicker walls Blood bank Place where blood is collected typed separated into components stored and prepared fro transfusion to recipients Bone marrow biopsy The removal of a piece of bone marrow for either laboratory analysis to diagnose and stage some forms of cancer to diagnose other blood disorders to find the source of unexplained fever or to diagnose fibrosis of bone marrow or myeloma a tumor composed of cells normally found in the bone marrow Disseminated intravascular coagulation a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become abnormally active causing small blood clots to form which can prevent blood from reaching vital organs Dyscrasia An abnormal condition especially of the blood Embolism A condition in which a drifting blood clot an embolus becomes stuck in a blood vessel blocking circulation to the area downstream Hematology The science concerned with the medical study of blood and blood producing organs Hemochromatosis a rare metabolic disorder wherein the skin has a bonze coloration accompanied by cirrhosis and severe diabetes mellitus caused by the deposit of hemosiderin in tissues Hemophilia Inherited disorder characterized by the inadequate production of clotting factors Hemopoietic growth factor A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature Hemosiderosis An increase in tissue iron stores without any associated damage Hypervolemic Having an excessive blood volume Hypovolemic Having a low blood volume Iron overload pathology in which iron accumulates in the tissues characterized by bronzed skin enlarged liver diabetes mellitus and abnormalities of the pancreas Myeloproliferative disorder a group of slow growing blood cancers including chronic myelogenous leukemia characterized by large numbers of abnormal RBCs WBCs or platelets growing and spreading in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood Normovolemic Referring to a normal blood volume Phlebotomist Medical technician who extracts blood via venipuncture for treatment or for laboratory analysis Plaque an abnormal accumulation of large quantities of lipids within a blood vessel wall Plasmapheresis a procedure consisting of the removal of blood from a person separating these blood cells from plasma and returning these blood cells to the person s circulation diluted with fresh plasma or a substitute Schilling test The test to determine whether the body absorbs vitamin b12 normally Septicemia Systemic toxic illness due to bacterial invasion of the bloodstream from a local infection Signs and symptoms include chill fever and exhaustion The disorder is treated with massive doses of antibiotics Also known as blood poisoning Thrombolytic an agent that causes the breakup of a thrombus clot Thrombus a blood clot attached to the luminal inner surface of a blood vessel Study Outline the cardiovascular system enables the rapid transport of nutrients respiratory gases waste products and cells within the body blood has several important functions and unique physical characteristics Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue Its functions include 1 transporting dissolved gases nutrients hormones and metabolic wasters 2 regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids 3 restricting fluid losses at injury sites 4 defending the body against toxins and pathogens 5 regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat Blood contains plasma and formed elements red blood cells white blood cells and platelets The plasma and formed elements make up whole blood which can be fractionated for analytical or clinical purposes Hemopoiesis the process of blood cell formation Circulating stem cells divide to form all types of blood cells Whole blood from any region of the body has roughly the same temperature viscosity and pH Plasma the fluid portion of blood contains significant quantities of plasma accounts for 46 63 percent of the volume of blood roughly 92 percent of plasma is water Plasma differs from interstitial fluid in terms of its oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and the concentrations and types of dissolved proteins the three major types of plasma proteins are albumins globulins fibrinogen Albumins make up 60 percent of plasma proteins Globulins constitute roughly 3 percent of plasma proteins they include antibodies immunoglobulins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens and transport globulins which bind ions hormones and other compounds Fibrinogen molecules are converted to fibrin in the clotting process Serum is the plasma without fibrogen The liver synthesizes and releases more than 90 percent of the plasma proteins Red blood cells formed by erthyropoiesis contain hemoglobin that can be recycled RBCs account for slightly less than half of the blood volume and 99 9 of the formed elements The hematocrit value indicates the percentage of formed plasma proteins elements within whole blood It is commonly reported as the volume of packed red cells VPRC or the packed cell volume PCV Each RBC is a biconcave disc providing a large surface to volume ration This shape allows RBCs to stack bend and flex Red blood cells lack most organelles including mitrochondria and nuclei retaining only the cytoskeleton They typically degenerate after about 120 days in the bloodstream Molecules of hemoglobin Hb account for more than 95 percent of the proteins in RBCs Hemoglobin is a globular protein formed from two pairs of polypeptide subunits Each subunit contains a single molecule of heme which also has an iron atom that can reversibly bind an oxygen molecule Phagocytes recycle damaged or dead RBCs Damaged RBCs are continuously replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million new RBCs entering the bloodstream per second They are replaced before they hemolyze The components of hemoglobin are individually recycled The heme is stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin which is converted to bilirubin If bile ducts are blocked bilirubin builds up in skin and eyes resulting in jaundice Iron is recycled by being stoed in phagocytic cells or transported through the bloodstream bound to trasnferrin Erythropoeisis the formation of red blood cells occurs only in red bone marrow myeloid tissue The process speeds up under stimulation by eryhthropoietin EPO or erythropoiesis stimulating hormone Stages in RBC


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FSU BSC 2086 - BLOOD

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