BSC 2086 01 Anatomy and Physiology II Spring 2013 13 The Respiratory System Part 1 2012 Pearson Education Inc An Introduction to the Respiratory System Learning Outcomes 23 1 Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system and explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens debris and other hazards 23 2 Identify the organs of the upper respiratory system and describe their functions 23 3 Describe the structure of the larynx and discuss its roles in normal breathing and in the production of sound 2012 Pearson Education Inc An Introduction to the Respiratory System Learning Outcomes 23 4 Discuss the structure of the extrapulmonary airways 23 5 Describe the superficial anatomy of the lungs the structure of a pulmonary lobule and the functional anatomy of alveoli 2012 Pearson Education Inc An Introduction to the Respiratory System The Respiratory System supplies cells with O2 and removes produced CO2 Oxygen Is obtained from the air by diffusion across delicate exchange surfaces of lungs Is carried to cells by the cardiovascular system which also returns carbon dioxide to the lungs Cells produce energy Through mechanisms that use O2 and produce CO2 2012 Pearson Education Inc For maintenance growth defense and division 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System Five Functions of the Respiratory System 1 Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood 2 Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs 3 Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment 4 Produces sounds 5 Participates in olfactory sense 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System Organization of the Respiratory System The respiratory system is divided into Upper respiratory system above the larynx Lower respiratory system below the larynx 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Tract consists of A conducting portion From nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles A respiratory portion The respiratory bronchioles and alveoli Alveoli Air filled pockets within the lungs Where all gas exchange takes place 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 23 1 The Components of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity Sphenoidal sinus Internal nares Pharynx Esophagus Clavicle UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Frontal sinus Nasal conchae Nose Tongue Hyoid bone Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles RIGHT RIGHT LUNG LUNG LEFT LUNG Ribs 2012 Pearson Education Inc Diaphragm 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Epithelium For gases to exchange efficiently Alveoli walls must be very thin 1 m Surface area must be very great about 35 times the surface area of the body 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Mucosa Lines the conducting portion of respiratory system Consists of An epithelial layer An areolar layer called the lamina propria 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System The Lamina Propria Underlying layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium In the upper respiratory system trachea and bronchi It contains mucous glands that secrete onto epithelial In the conducting portion of lower respiratory system It contains smooth muscle cells that encircle lumen of surface bronchioles 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 23 2a The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System Superficial view SEM 1647 A surface view of the epithelium The cilia of the epithelial cells form a dense layer that resembles a shag carpet The movement of these cilia propels mucus across the epithelial surface 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 23 2b The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System Movement of mucus to pharynx Ciliated columnar epithelial cell Mucous cell Stem cell Mucus layer Lamina propria A diagrammatic view of the respiratory epithelium of the trachea indicating the direction of mucus transport inferior to the pharynx 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 23 2c The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System Cilia Lamina propria Nucleus of columnar epithelial cell Mucous cell Basement membrane Stem cell The sectional appearance of the respiratory epithelium a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System Alveolar Epithelium Is a very delicate simple squamous epithelium why Remember from last semester simple squamous epithelium flat epithelial cells forming a single layer Contains scattered and specialized cells Lines exchange surfaces of alveoli 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 1 Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Defense System Removes particles and pathogens Consists of a series of filtration mechanisms 1 Mucous cells and mucous glands Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces 2 Cilia Sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx mucus escalator 3 Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles 4 Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 2 Upper Respiratory Tract The Nose Air enters the respiratory system Nasal hairs Are the first particle filtration system The Nasal Cavity Provides sense of smell olfaction and mucous secretions and tears clean and moisten the nasal cavity Warms and humidifies air entering respiratory system Breathing through mouth bypasses this important step 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 23 3c Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Nasal cavity Internal nares Entrance to auditory tube Pharyngeal tonsil Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Epiglottis Frontal sinus Nasal conchae Superior Middle Inferior Nasal vestibule External nares Hard palate Oral cavity Tongue Soft palate Palatine tonsil Mandible Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Glottis Vocal fold Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea Thyroid gland The nasal cavity and pharynx as seen in sagittal section with the nasal septum removed 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 2 Upper Respiratory Tract The Pharynx A chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems Extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus Divided into three parts 1 The nasopharynx Superior portion of pharynx 2 The oropharynx Middle portion of pharynx 3 The laryngopharynx Inferior portion of pharynx 2012 Pearson Education Inc 23 3 The Larynx From the pharynx air enters the larynx A cartilaginous structure that surrounds the
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